Expression of proenkephalin mRNA in developing cerebellar cortex of the rat: expression levels coincide with maturational gradients in Purkinje cells

Osborne, John G.; Kindy, Mark S.; Hauser, Kurt F.

doi:10.1016/0165-3806(91)90067-s

Cited by 14 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…There are no monoaminergic neurons in the cerebellum, although noradrenergic (Nelson et al, 1997;Abbott and Sotelo, 2000) and serotoninergic (Bishop and Ho, 1985;Dieudonne and Dumoulin, 2000) afferents originating from several brainstem nuclei are distributed across the cerebellar cortex. Several neuropeptides are distributed in the cerebellar cortex: insulin growth factor-I (IGF-I) in Purkinje cells (Bondy, 1991;Lin and Bulleit, 1997), somatostatin in Golgi cells and small somotostatin-positive granule layer cells (Vincent et al, 1985;Geurts et al, 2001), enkephalin in Purkinje, stellate, basket, and Golgi cells (Zagon and McLaughlin, 1990;Soruce et al, 1990;Osborne et al, 1991), heparin bindingepidermal growth factor (HB-EGF) in Purkinje cells (Opanashuk and Hauser, 1998), Cerebellin 1 (Cbln1) in Purkinje cells (Slemmon et al, 1988), and Cbln3 in granule cells (Pang et al, 2000). In this respect, it remains to be studied in more detail whether or not these secretory substances are released by a regulated vesicle exocytotic pathway in an activity-dependent manner, although somatostatin (Iversen et al, 1978) and Cbln1 (Burnet et al, 1988), for instance, were released in a Ca 2ϩ -dependent manner in vitro.…”

Section: Localization Of Caps2 and Its Dynamics In The Cerebellummentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential distributions of the Ca²⁺‐dependent activator protein for secretion family proteins (CAPS2 and CAPS1) in the mouse brain

Sadakata

Itakura

Kozaki

et al. 2006

J of Comparative Neurology

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The Ca(2+)-dependent activator protein for secretion (CAPS/Cadps) family consists of two members, CAPS1 and CAPS2, and plays an important role in secretory granule exocytosis. It has been shown that CAPS1 regulates catecholamine release from neuroendocrine cells, whereas CAPS2 is involved in the release of two neurotrophins, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), from parallel fibers of cerebellar granule cells. Although both CAPS proteins are expressed predominantly in the brain, their cellular and regional distributions in the brain are largely unknown. In this study we analyzed the immunohistochemical distributions of the CAPS family proteins in the mouse brain. In most areas of the embryonic nervous system CAPS1 and CAPS2 proteins were complementarily expressed. In the postnatal brain, CAPS1 was widespread at different levels. On the other hand, CAPS2 was localized to distinct cell types and fibers of various brain regions, including the olfactory bulb, cerebrum, hippocampal formation, thalamus, mesencephalic tegmentum, cerebellum, medulla, and spinal cord, except for some regions that overlapped with CAPS1. These CAPS2 cellular distribution patterns had the marked feature of coinciding with those of BDNF in various brain regions. Immunolabels for CAPS2 were also colocalized with those for some proteins related to exocytosis (VAMP and SNAP-25) and endocytosis (Dynamin I) in the cell soma and processes of the mesencephalic tegmentum and cerebellum, suggesting that these proteins might be involved in the dynamics of CAPS2-associated vesicles, although their colocalization on vesicles remains elusive. These results demonstrate that the CAPS family proteins are involved in the secretion of different secretory substances in developing and postnatal brains, and that CAPS2 is probably involved in BDNF secretion in many brain areas.

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Section: Localization Of Caps2 and Its Dynamics In The Cerebellummentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential distributions of the Ca²⁺‐dependent activator protein for secretion family proteins (CAPS2 and CAPS1) in the mouse brain

Sadakata

Itakura

Kozaki

et al. 2006

J of Comparative Neurology

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“…Another example is the cerebellar F'urkinje cells, where PACE4 mRNA levels are very high and distinctive. The known peptides synthesized in these cells include pro-enkephalin (Osborne et al, 1992), and insulin-like growth factor-I (Andersson et al, 1988), which needs cleavage at a monobasic recognition site to create mature protein (Daughaday and Rotwein, 1989).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distinct mRNA expression of the highly homologous convertases PC5 and PACE4 in the rat brain and pituitary

et al. 1995

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Posttranslational endoproteolysis is essential for the production of biologically active peptides from inactive precursors. Six kexin/substilisin-like endoproteases have been characterized in mammalian species. To understand the complex physiological functions of each convertase within a cellular context it is necessary to comprehensively define its tissue distribution and cohabitation with other members of the family. Previous studies demonstrated the distinct distribution of PC1, PC2, and furin mRNAs in the pituitary and brain, suggesting a unique function for each enzyme. In the present study, the mRNA tissue distributions of the two most recent and homologous members, PC5 and PACE4, were analyzed in rat pituitary and brain using in situ hybridization histochemistry. In the pituitary, the anterior lobe exhibited moderate levels of PC5 and high levels of PACE4 mRNAs. The intermediate lobe showed low levels of PC5 expression, while PACE4 mRNA levels were undetectable. PACE4 transcripts were detected throughout cells of the neural lobe suggesting expression in pituicytes. In the brain, PC5 expression was more restricted than PACE4. PC5 mRNA was detected only in neuronal cells, whereas PACE4 mRNA was expressed in both neuronal and glial cells. In areas that are rich in neuropeptides such as cortex, hippocampus, and hypothalamus, mRNA levels of PC5 were high but PACE4 were low or undetectable. In regions, such as the amygdaloid body and thalamus, distinct but complementary distributions of PC5 and PACE4 mRNAs were observed. The medial habenular and cerebellar Purkinje cells expressed very high levels of PACE4 mRNA. The present data strongly suggest unique tissue-specific functions of PC5 and PACE4.

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“…Enkephalin immunoreactivity is transiently expressed by neuroblasts in the EGL ( 50 ). EGL neuroblasts express Penk mRNA ( 58 , 59 ), as well as partially processed proenkephalin peptide fragments and the fully processed enkephalin pentapeptide, Met-enkephalin ( 58 , 59 ). However, the expression of Penk mRNA and enkephalin peptides largely disappears as the immature neurons differentiate into adult granule neurons ( 50 , 58 ), suggesting the expression of Penk is unrelated to a mature, terminally differentiated phenotype.…”

Section: Developing Neurons and Glia Can Express Opioid Neuropeptidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Assuming greater sensitivity of developing versus the mature cerebellum, perinatal exposure to opiates is likely to have profound organizational effects on the neural circuits regulating drug taking behavior. Importantly, not only do Purkinje cells in the cerebellar vermis transiently express Penk mRNA and enkephalin immunoreactivity during development ( 58 , 59 ), but also the dendritic complexity and/or the density of spines of Purkinje cells within the vermis of cerebellar lobule VIII in 10-day-old rats and lobules VI–VIII in 21-day-old rats is altered in response to prolonged opioid antagonist exposure during maturation ( 21 ). The extent to which the transient developmental increases in opioid expression in cerebellar neurons influence adult CNS functions is uncertain.…”

Section: Neuronal Differentiationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Opiate Drugs with Abuse Liability Hijack the Endogenous Opioid System to Disrupt Neuronal and Glial Maturation in the Central Nervous System

Hauser

Knapp

2018

Front. Pediatr.

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The endogenous opioid system, comprised of multiple opioid neuropeptide and receptor gene families, is highly expressed by developing neural cells and can significantly influence neuronal and glial maturation. In many central nervous system (CNS) regions, the expression of opioid peptides and receptors occurs only transiently during development, effectively disappearing with subsequent maturation only to reemerge under pathologic conditions, such as with inflammation or injury. Opiate drugs with abuse liability act to modify growth and development by mimicking the actions of endogenous opioids. Although typically mediated by μ-opioid receptors, opiate drugs can also act through δ- and κ-opioid receptors to modulate growth in a cell-type, region-specific, and developmentally regulated manner. Opioids act as biological response modifiers and their actions are highly contextual, plastic, modifiable, and influenced by other physiological processes or pathophysiological conditions, such as neuro-acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. To date, most studies have considered the acute effects of opiates on cellular maturation. For example, activating opioid receptors typically results in acute growth inhibition in both neurons and glia. However, with sustained opioid exposure, compensatory factors become operative, a concept that has been largely overlooked during CNS maturation. Accordingly, this article surveys prior studies on the effects of opiates on CNS maturation, and also suggests new directions for future research in this area. Identifying the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the adaptive responses to chronic opiate exposure (e.g., tolerance) during maturation is crucial toward understanding the consequences of perinatal opiate exposure on the CNS.

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Expression of proenkephalin mRNA in developing cerebellar cortex of the rat: expression levels coincide with maturational gradients in Purkinje cells

Cited by 14 publications

References 26 publications

Differential distributions of the Ca²⁺‐dependent activator protein for secretion family proteins (CAPS2 and CAPS1) in the mouse brain

Differential distributions of the Ca²⁺‐dependent activator protein for secretion family proteins (CAPS2 and CAPS1) in the mouse brain

Distinct mRNA expression of the highly homologous convertases PC5 and PACE4 in the rat brain and pituitary

Opiate Drugs with Abuse Liability Hijack the Endogenous Opioid System to Disrupt Neuronal and Glial Maturation in the Central Nervous System

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Expression of proenkephalin mRNA in developing cerebellar cortex of the rat: expression levels coincide with maturational gradients in Purkinje cells

Cited by 14 publications

References 26 publications

Differential distributions of the Ca2+‐dependent activator protein for secretion family proteins (CAPS2 and CAPS1) in the mouse brain

Differential distributions of the Ca2+‐dependent activator protein for secretion family proteins (CAPS2 and CAPS1) in the mouse brain

Distinct mRNA expression of the highly homologous convertases PC5 and PACE4 in the rat brain and pituitary

Opiate Drugs with Abuse Liability Hijack the Endogenous Opioid System to Disrupt Neuronal and Glial Maturation in the Central Nervous System

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Differential distributions of the Ca²⁺‐dependent activator protein for secretion family proteins (CAPS2 and CAPS1) in the mouse brain

Differential distributions of the Ca²⁺‐dependent activator protein for secretion family proteins (CAPS2 and CAPS1) in the mouse brain