Expression of SARS-CoV-2 Host Cell Entry Factors in Immune System Components of Healthy Individuals and Its Relevance for COVID-19 Immunopathology

Kumar, Ashutosh; Kumar, Sujeet; Narayan, Ravi Kant; Kumari, Chiman; Pareek, Vikas; Prasoon, Pranav

doi:10.1089/vim.2020.0277

Cited by 3 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…SARS-CoV-2 infection ensues varying immune responses in the different individuals, which decide the severity of the symptoms ( 85 ). Some individuals get away with the mildest of the symptoms or remain completely asymptomatic; in contrast, in others, the viral infection leads to severe disease manifestations resulting in ARDS and multiorgan failure ( 20 ).…”

Section: Host Immune Response To Sars-cov-2 Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Molecular reasons for the killing of T cells in COVID-19 are little understood ( 97 ). Of note, T cells show less expression of SARS-CoV-2 entry receptors, providing a hint that the virus-mediated T-cell demise in the infected individuals may be occurring by some other mechanism rather than through viral receptor signaling ( 85 ). SARS-CoV-2-mediated atrophy and lesion of the human lymphoid tissues, such as spleen and lymph nodes, has also been evidenced in recent studies ( 58 , 98 , 99 ).…”

Section: Host Immune Response To Sars-cov-2 Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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COVID-19 Mechanisms in the Human Body—What We Know So Far

et al. 2021

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More than one and a half years have elapsed since the commencement of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, and the world is struggling to contain it. Being caused by a previously unknown virus, in the initial period, there had been an extreme paucity of knowledge about the disease mechanisms, which hampered preventive and therapeutic measures against COVID-19. In an endeavor to understand the pathogenic mechanisms, extensive experimental studies have been conducted across the globe involving cell culture-based experiments, human tissue organoids, and animal models, targeted to various aspects of the disease, viz., viral properties, tissue tropism and organ-specific pathogenesis, involvement of physiological systems, and the human immune response against the infection. The vastly accumulated scientific knowledge on all aspects of COVID-19 has currently changed the scenario from great despair to hope. Even though spectacular progress has been made in all of these aspects, multiple knowledge gaps are remaining that need to be addressed in future studies. Moreover, multiple severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants have emerged across the globe since the onset of the first COVID-19 wave, with seemingly greater transmissibility/virulence and immune escape capabilities than the wild-type strain. In this review, we narrate the progress made since the commencement of the pandemic regarding the knowledge on COVID-19 mechanisms in the human body, including virus–host interactions, pulmonary and other systemic manifestations, immunological dysregulations, complications, host-specific vulnerability, and long-term health consequences in the survivors. Additionally, we provide a brief review of the current evidence explaining molecular mechanisms imparting greater transmissibility and virulence and immune escape capabilities to the emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants.

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Section: Host Immune Response To Sars-cov-2 Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Host Immune Response To Sars-cov-2 Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19 Mechanisms in the Human Body—What We Know So Far

et al. 2021

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“…La infección por el SARS-CoV-2 provoca respuestas inmunitarias diferentes en los distintos individuos, las cuales determinan la gravedad de los síntomas [ 85 ]. Algunos individuos se recuperan con los síntomas más leves o permanecen completamente asintomáticos; en cambio, en otros, la infección vírica provoca manifestaciones graves de la enfermedad que dan lugar al SDRA y a la falla multiorgánica [ 20 ].…”

Section: Respuesta Inmunitaria Del Huésped a La Infección Por El Sars...unclassified

“…Las razones moleculares de la muerte de las células T en el COVID-19 son poco conocidas [ 97 ]. Cabe destacar que las células T muestran una menor expresión de los receptores de entrada del SARS-CoV-2, por lo que la muerte de las células T mediada por el virus en los individuos infectados puede producirse por algún otro mecanismo y no por la señalización del receptor viral [ 85 ]. La atrofia y la lesión de los tejidos linfoides humanos, como el bazo y los ganglios linfáticos, mediadas por el SARS-CoV-2 también se han evidenciado en estudios recientes [ 58 , 98 , 99 ].…”

Section: Respuesta Inmunitaria Del Huésped a La Infección Por El Sars...unclassified

Mecanismos del COVID-19 en el cuerpo humano: Lo que sabemos hasta ahora

Kumar¹,

Narayan

Prasoon

et al. 2022

Kompass Neumol

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Ha transcurrido más de un año y medio desde el inicio de la pandemia debida a la enfermedad por coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19), y el mundo se esfuerza por contenerla. Al ser causada por un virus hasta ahora desconocido, en el periodo inicial hubo una escasez extrema de conocimientos sobre los mecanismos de la enfermedad, lo que dificultó las medidas preventivas y terapéuticas contra el COVID-19. En un esfuerzo por comprender sus mecanismos patogénicos, se han llevado a cabo extensos estudios experimentales en todo el mundo con experimentos basados en cultivos celulares, organoides de tejidos humanos y modelos animales, enfocados en varios aspectos de la enfermedad, como las propiedades del virus, su tropismo tisular y su patogénesis específica en ciertos órganos, la implicación de los sistemas fisiológicos y la respuesta inmunitaria humana contra la infección. El enorme conocimiento científico acumulado sobre todos los aspectos del COVID-19 cambió el escenario, de una gran desolación, a la esperanza. A pesar de que se han producido avances espectaculares en todos estos aspectos, quedan múltiples lagunas de conocimiento que deben abordarse en futuros estudios. Además, desde el inicio de la primera oleada de COVID-19 han surgido en todo el mundo múltiples variantes del coronavirus tipo 2 del síndrome respiratorio agudo severo (SARS-CoV-2), que parecen tener mayor transmisibilidad/virulencia y capacidad de escape inmunológico que la cepa de tipo salvaje. En esta revisión narramos los avances realizados desde el inicio de la pandemia en nuestros conocimientos sobre los mecanismos del COVID-19 en el cuerpo humano, incluyendo las interacciones virus-huésped, las manifestaciones pulmonares y sistémicas, las desregulaciones inmunológicas, las complicaciones, la vulnerabilidad específica del huésped y las consecuencias a largo plazo en los supervivientes. Además, ofrecemos una breve revisión de las pruebas actuales que explican los mecanismos moleculares que confieren mayor transmisibilidad, virulencia y capacidad de escape inmunológico a las variantes emergentes del SARS-CoV-2.

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“…Sometime in late 2019 a new form of coronavirus emerged and brought with it a novel infection that affected people all over the world, the disease is known as coronavirus disease 2019, COVID-19 for short [1]. This infection is caused by sever acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) with the first cases detected in China in December 2019 [2]. The virus infected so many people all over the world [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of Inflammatory Markers in COVID-19 Vaccinated Individuals in Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria

Achor

2023

J Clin Biomed Res

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Aim: To assess the level of some inflammatory markers in COVID-19 vaccinated individuals in Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria. Study design: Case-controlled study. Place and Duration of Study: Obio/Akpor, Phalga and PAMEL Laboratories and Diagnostics, Port Harcourt, between August 2021- October, 2022. Methodology: A total of 148 subjects, resident in Rivers State that had received at least the first dose of any of the COVID-19 vaccines and 50 subjects that were not vaccinated with COVID-19 vaccines were recruited for the study. The sampling method employed a convenient simple randomized sampling method with a questionnaire distributed to all participants. Ten milliliters of whole blood were drawn from each subject into a plain bottle and allowed to clot. The serum was obtained , and used for the analysis of inflammatory markers using ELISA methods. The parameters analyzed included: tumor necrosis factor- alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP). GraphPad Prism version 9.04 of Apple Macintosh HD Big Sur (version 11.0) was used for statistical analysis and variation among means of parameters were considered significant at p<0.05. Results: There was significant decrease in IL-6 (p = 0.0006), TNF-α (p< 0.0001), and increase in CRP (p < 0.0001) among the vaccinated individuals when compared with the unvaccinated subjects. Comparison between the mean values at various age ranges 20-29, 30-39, 40-49, 50-59 showed significant higher values in IL-6 (p = 0.01076) among 30-39 age groups, there was no significant difference in TNF-α (p = 0.4341), CRP (p = 0. 5144). The comparison of the mean values of the parameters by sex among the two groups showed significant differences in IL-6 (p=0.0036) and in CRP (P<0.0001). There was significant increase in TNF-α (p = 0.0008), IL-6 (p = 0.0004), and CRP (p <0.0001) among female participants. IL-6 and CRP correlated positively with age. Conclusion: The findings in this study suggest that COVID-19 vaccines may not be associated with inflammation. Also immunity built from the vaccine is not tied to the dosage (number of shots) or vaccine type.

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Expression of SARS-CoV-2 Host Cell Entry Factors in Immune System Components of Healthy Individuals and Its Relevance for COVID-19 Immunopathology

Cited by 3 publications

References 29 publications

COVID-19 Mechanisms in the Human Body—What We Know So Far

COVID-19 Mechanisms in the Human Body—What We Know So Far

Mecanismos del COVID-19 en el cuerpo humano: Lo que sabemos hasta ahora

Assessment of Inflammatory Markers in COVID-19 Vaccinated Individuals in Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria

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