Expression of substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide and vascular endothelial growth factor in human dental pulp under different clinical stimuli

Abstract

Background The aim of this study was to measure the dental pulp inflammatory response through neuropeptides (SP and CGRP) as a response to occlusal trauma, orthodontic movements and a combination of both, as well as the angiogenic defense mechanism through VEGF expression, which could be the initial step to mineralized tissue formation. Methods Forty human dental pulp samples were collected from healthy first premolars with extraction indicated due to orthodontic reasons from a sample of 20 patients. Patients were divided into four groups with 10 premolars each (1 mandibular and 1 maxillary premolar from each patient): healthy pulp control group, occlusal trauma group, moderate orthodontic forces group; and occlusal trauma plus moderate orthodontic forces group. Stimuli were applied for 24 h before tooth extraction in all experimental groups. All samples were processed, and SP, CGRP, and VEGF were measured by radioimmunoassay. The Kruskal–Wallis test was performed to assess significant differences among groups and Mann–Whitney’s U post hoc pairwise comparisons were also performed. Results The highest increase in SP, CGRP, and VEGF expressions was found in the occlusal trauma plus orthodontic forces group, followed by the moderate orthodontic forces, the occlusal trauma and the control groups, with statistically significant differences between all groups for each of the 3 peptides analyzed (Kruskal–Wallis p < 0.001). All possible pairwise post-hoc comparisons were also significant for each peptide analyzed (Mann–Whitney’s U p < 0.001). Conclusion SP, CGRP, and VEGF expressions significantly increase in human dental pulps when stimulated by occlusal trauma combined with moderate orthodontic forces, as compared with these two stimuli applied independently. Name of the registry: Importance of Neurogenic Inflammation in the Angiogenic Response of the Dental Pulp as a Defensive Response. Trial registration number: NCT03804034. Date of registration: 01/15/2019 Retrospectively registered. URL of trial registry record: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03804034?term=NCT03804034&draw=2&rank=1.

Gene expression of vascular endothelial growth factor A and its receptors in dental pulp of immature and mature teeth

“…VEGFA had a greater expression in mature apex pulps (P=0.000241), where the apex is further closed, and there is greater angiogenic activity. This is due to the intense cellular activity providing defence mechanisms, for the generation of hard tissue against stimuli such as mastication, occlusal trauma, bruxism and tissue aging (1, 10-12, 17-20) which coincides with a study carried out in patients subjected to orthodontic forces and occlusal trauma, showing that VEGF was significantly higher in teeth subjected to those forces, demonstrating that stimuli are additive on the dental pulp tissue been effective triggering the angiogenic activity ( 21 ). In immature teeth pulp, VEGFA is also expressed for maintaining the oxygen concentration levels and nutrients for root formation ( 1 , 17 ).…”

Dural Immune Cells, CGRP, and Migraine

“…CGRP appears to be beneficial following infection of corneal afferents, and may help the local immune function, at least in the cornea. Another study found that CGRP levels were elevated in premolars from patients suffering from occlusion trauma in addition to orthodontic trauma ( 100 ). Other peptides were elevated, such as substance P and vascular endothelial growth factor.…”

Substance P/calcitonin gene‐related peptide and their receptors expression in human periodontal ligament after root canal preparation with five different systems

“…Gradually, the release of CGRP is stimulated, which is a potent vasodilator and acts by enhancing the effect of SP, controlling inflammation and repair processes by binding to NKA1R and CGRP1R receptors expressed in endothelial cells, mast cells, macrophages, lymphocytes, undifferentiated mesenchymal cells, fibroblasts and odontoblasts‐like cells (Caviedes‐Bucheli, Munoz, et al., 2008). This allows the tissue homeostasis to be maintained, responding to functional load and maintaining nutrition and oxygenation, allowing the maintenance and remodelling of the periodontal ligament (Caviedes‐Bucheli et al., 2018, 2021).…”