Expression of TGF-β1, Osteonectin, and BMP-4 in Mandibular Distraction Osteogenesis With Compression Stimulation: Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction Study and Biomechanical Test

Quantitative expression of bone‐related cytokines induced by mechanical tension–stress during distraction osteogenesis in a rabbit mandible

“…Kim et al . modified the distraction osteogenesis technique with compression stimulation and revealed an increased level of TGF‐β, BMP‐4, and osteonectin immediately after applying the compression force . They suggested that compression force during early consolidation accelerates new bone healing and callus molding.…”

The Effect of Altering the Mechanical Loading Environment on the Expression of Bone Regenerating Molecules in Cases of Distraction Osteogenesis

“…The level of BMP-4 expression increased in both groups at the end of the distraction process, but in the experimental group the expression accelerated when compression was applied and was maintained for 2 weeks post-compression. In the same study, it was reported that the expression of TGF-β1 not only markedly increased when compression was applied but also continued until 2 weeks after compression, whereas in the control group, there was only moderate elevation and remained elevated for a significantly shorter period of the DO process ( 65 ). Hamanishi et al also applied this method in a rabbit model of tibia DO and found histologically increased proliferation of osteoblasts in the distraction gap ( 76 ).…”

“…Another method of adding compressive forces is the protocol of over distracting the bone by a few millimeters, beyond the planned amount of lengthening followed by gradual shortening (or compression) equivalent to the amount of over-lengthening. One well-designed study by Kim et al examined the effect of the addition of compressive forces (distraction followed by compression) on BMP-4 in the mandible DO rabbit model ( 65 ). They divided their experiment into a control group (distraction of 1 mm/day for 8 days) and an experimental group (distraction of 1 mm/day for 10 days followed by a 3-day latency period after which they compressed 1 mm/day for 2 days).…”

Sequential treatment for a patient with hemifacial microsomia: 10 year-long term follow up

“…Another study by Kim et al [12] examined the expression of TGF-ß1, osteonectin, and BMP-4 in mandibular distraction osteogenesis with compression stimulation; the expression levels of TGF-ß1, osteonectin, and BMP-4 on DO with a compression force during early consolidation were increased, illustrating the effect of compression force during DO. Therefore, we applied a new DO protocol for overdistraction with compressive forces on this patient.…”