Expression of the mRNA and protein of serine racemase in primary cultures of rat neurons

Metabolism of the neuromodulator d-serine

“…However, neither SR nor D-serine is a strict marker of glia: in fact, they both have been subsequently detected in some neurons of the cerebral cortex [12,13] and in hindbrain glutamatergic neurons [13]. Different studies showed that cultured neurons contained both SR mRNA and protein and that these cells catalyzed D-serine synthesis to levels comparable to those observed within astrocytes [12,74,75]. SR neuronal expression was also confirmed by in situ Fig.…”

Up-regulation of d-serine Might Induce GABAergic Neuronal Degeneration in the Cerebral Cortex and Hippocampus in the Mouse Pilocarpine Model of Epilepsy

“…The D-serine racemase and D-serine were early identified in the astrocytes and microglial cells, and astrocyte-released D-serine acted as an important modulator of NMDA receptors [9,25,30]. D-serine racemase was also afterwards detected in neurons, and the neuron-derived D-serine might play a crucial role in over-activation NMDA receptors and neuronal excitotoxic injury [29,[31][32][33]. The key finding in our present study is up-regulation of D-serine in the GABAergic neurons or in degenerating neurons of brains after moderate seizures.…”

The serine racemase mRNA is expressed in both neurons and glial cells of the rat retina

“…Several lines of evidence support this possibility: 1) an immunohistochemistry study demonstrated that D-serine are present in amacrine cells in the rat retina (Yasuda et al, 2000); 2) an in situ hybridization study demonstrated that Srr mRNA is expressed in a large number of neurons throughout the brain, especially the forebrain such as the cerebral cortex, striatum and hippocampus (Yoshikawa et al, 2007); 3) HPLC analysis, real-time quantitative RT-PCR, in situ hybridization, and Western blot studies clearly demonstrated the presence of D-serine and Srr in neurons of the primary cultures (Kartvelishvily et al, 2006;Yoshikawa et al, 2006); 4) an immunohistochemistry study demonstrated that D-serine (Yasuda et al, 2001) and Srr (Kartvelishvily et al, 2006) are present in neurons of the rat brain, and 5) D-serine is mainly located in the neurons of vestibular nuclei in adult rats (Puyal et al, 2006).…”

“…Previous immunohistochemical studies have demonstrated that D-serine and Srr were localized exclusively in glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive astrocytes (Hashimoto and Oka, 1997;Schell et al, 1997; Wolosker et al, 1999;Mustafa et al, 2004). However, recent studies using immunohistochemistry, Western blot, and in situ hybridization have demonstrated that D-serine (Yasuda et al, 2001;Puyal et al, 2006) and Srr (Kartvelishvily et al., 2006;Yoshikawa et al, 2006Yoshikawa et al, , 2007 are signifi cantly expressed in neurons of tissue sections, and of primary cultures of the rat brain as compared with astrocytes.Compared with the brain, the retina contains fewer cell types, many of which have recognizable morphologies and consistent positions, making any investigation of the mechanisms for the central nervous system more The serine racemase mRNA is expressed in both neurons and glial cells of the rat retina …”

“…The gene expression of the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH; GenBank accession number NM_017008) and serine racemase (accession number NM_198757) was determined by real-time quantitative RT-PCR using a method similar to the one described previously (Yoshikawa et al, 2004(Yoshikawa et al, , 2006. The PCR products were separated by an Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer (Agilent Technologies; Palo Alto, CA, USA) which utilizes chip-based nucleic acid separation technology.…”