Expression patterns of glycine transporters (xGlyT1, xGlyT2, and xVIAAT) in Xenopus laevis during early development

Wester, Matthew R.; Teasley, Daniel C.; Byers, Stephanie; Saha, Margaret S.

doi:10.1016/j.gep.2007.12.005

Cited by 16 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…In Tg( glyt2:gfp ) adult zebrafish, GFP‐positive cells and fibers were observed in the anterior brain, whereas glyt2 ‐expressing cells were absent (Barreiro‐Iglesias et al, ). We also found in the present study that glyt2 expression was largely absent in the embryonic zebrafish forebrain, in contrast to the presence of glyt2 ‐expressing cells in rat and Xenopus tadpoles (Zeilhofer et al, ; Wester et al, ). One possible explanation for the absence of glyt2‐ expressing cells in the forebrain of the zebrafish embryo is that Gly‐ir cells in the forebrain might use unidentified transporters.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 68%

Identification of initially appearing glycine‐immunoreactive neurons in the embryonic zebrafish brain

Moly

Ikenaga

Kamihagi

et al. 2014

Developmental Neurobiology

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Glycine is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system of vertebrates. Here, we report the initial development of glycine-immunoreactive (Gly-ir) neurons and fibers in zebrafish. The earliest Gly-ir cells were found in the hindbrain and rostral spinal cord by 20 h post-fertilization (hpf). Gly-ir cells in rhombomeres 5 and 6 that also expressed glycine transporter 2 (glyt2) mRNA were highly stereotyped; they were bilaterally located and their axons ran across the midline and gradually turned caudally, joining the medial longitudinal fascicles in the spinal cord by 24 hpf. Gly-ir neurons in rhombomere 5 were uniquely identified, since there was one per hemisegment, whereas the number of Gly-ir neurons in rhombomere 6 were variable from one to three per hemisegment. Labeling of these neurons by single-cell electroporation and tracing them until the larval stage revealed that they became MiD2cm and MiD3cm, respectively. The retrograde labeling of reticulo-spinal neurons in Tg(glyt2:gfp) larva, which express GFP in Gly-ir cells, and a genetic mosaic analysis with glyt2:gfp DNA construct also supported this notion. Gly-ir cells were also distributed widely in the anterior brain by 27 hpf, whereas glyt2 was hardly expressed. Double staining with anti-glycine and anti-GABA antibodies demonstrated distinct distributions of Gly-ir and GABA-ir cells, as well as the presence of doubly immunoreactive cells in the brain and placodes. These results provide evidence of identifiable glycinergic (Gly-ir/glyt2-positive) neurons in vertebrate embryos, and they can be used in further studies of the neurons' development and function at the single-cell level.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 68%

Identification of initially appearing glycine‐immunoreactive neurons in the embryonic zebrafish brain

Moly

Ikenaga

Kamihagi

et al. 2014

Developmental Neurobiology

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“…This is due to elevated intracellular concentrations of Cl − and hence a positive chloride equilibrium potential of the postsynaptic cell in young neurons, resulting in chloride efflux upon receptor activation and, hence, membrane depolarization (Ben-Ari 2002, Plotkin et al 1997, Reichling et al 1994). These excitatory actions of GABA and glycine are believed to be important for proliferation, migration, synaptogenesis, neuronal differentiation, and neuronal network stability (Kirsch & Betz 1998, Wester et al 2008). The shift from excitatory to inhibitory at later stages is due to a shift in the chloride equilibrium potential to more negative values as a result of the expression of the K + /Cl − cotransporter KCC2 (Figure 2).…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanisms of Inhibition within the Telencephalon: “Where the Wild Things Are”

Fishell

Rudy

2011

Annu. Rev. Neurosci.

219

232

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In this review, we first provide a historical perspective of inhibitory signaling from the discovery of inhibition through to our present understanding of the diversity and mechanisms by which GABAergic interneuron populations function in different parts of the telencephalon. This is followed by a summary of the mechanisms of inhibition in the CNS. With this as a starting point, we provide an overview describing the variations in the subtypes and origins of inhibitory interneurons within the pallial and subpallial divisions of the telencephalon, with a focus on the hippocampus, somatosensory, paleo/piriform cortex, striatum, and various amygdala nuclei. Strikingly, we observe that marked variations exist in the origin and numerical balance between GABAergic interneurons and the principal cell populations in distinct regions of the telencephalon. Finally we speculate regarding the attractiveness and challenges of establishing a unifying nomenclature to describe inhibitory neuron diversity throughout the telencephalon.

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“…Expression for the vesicular transporter is observed in the ventral and lateral regions of the telencephalon, the dorsal, ventral, and midpoint of the dorsal–ventral axis in the diencephalon and the intermediate zone of the spinal cord. VIAAT mRNA was also detected in ventral Kolmer-Agduhr cells of the spinal cord (Wester et al, 2008). Other investigators have shown that GlyT1 and GlyT2 are expressed in the ganglion and inner nuclear layers of the frog ( Rana pipiens ) and rat retinas (Pena-Rangel et al, 2008).…”

Section: Developmental Expression Patterns Of Glycinergic Phenotype Mmentioning

confidence: 99%

The specification of glycinergic neurons and the role of glycinergic transmission in development

Chalphin

Saha

2010

Front. Mol. Neurosci.

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Glycine's role as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the adult vertebrate nervous system has been well characterized in a number of different model organisms. However, a full understanding of glycinergic transmission requires a knowledge of how glycinergic synapses emerge and the role of glycinergic signaling during development. Recent literature has provided a detailed picture of the developmental expression of many of the molecular components that comprise the glycinergic phenotype, namely the glycine transporters and the glycine receptor subunits; the transcriptional networks leading to the expression of this important neurotransmitter phenotype are also being elucidated. An equally important focus of research has revealed the critical role of glycinergic signaling in sculpting many different aspects of neural development. This review examines the current literature detailing the expression patterns of the components of the glycinergic phenotype in various vertebrate model organisms over the course of development and the molecular mechanisms governing the expression of the glycinergic phenotype. The review then surveys the recent work on the role of glycinergic signaling in the developing nervous system and concludes with an overview of areas for further research.

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Expression patterns of glycine transporters (xGlyT1, xGlyT2, and xVIAAT) in Xenopus laevis during early development

Cited by 16 publications

References 26 publications

Identification of initially appearing glycine‐immunoreactive neurons in the embryonic zebrafish brain

Identification of initially appearing glycine‐immunoreactive neurons in the embryonic zebrafish brain

Mechanisms of Inhibition within the Telencephalon: “Where the Wild Things Are”

The specification of glycinergic neurons and the role of glycinergic transmission in development

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