Most antiangiogenic therapies currently being evaluated in clinical trials target the vascular endothelial growth factor pathway; however, the tumor vasculature can acquire resistance to vascular endothelial growth factor-targeted therapy by shifting to other angiogenesis mechanisms. Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) has been reported to suppress tumor growth and angiogenesis by both IGF-dependent and IGFindependent mechanisms; however, understanding of its IGF-independent mechanisms is limited. We observed that IGFBP-3 blocked tumor angiogenesis and growth in non-small cell lung cancer and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Conditioned media from an IGFBP-3-treated non-small cell lung cancer cell line displayed a significantly decreased capacity to induce HUVEC proliferation and aortic sprouting. In cancer cells, IGFBP-3 directly interacted with Erk1/2, leading to inactivation of Erk1/2 and Elk-1, and suppressed transcription of early growth response protein 1 and its target genes, basic fibroblast growth factor and platelet-derived growth factor. These data suggest that IGF-independent Erk1/2 inactivation and decreased IGFBP-3-induced Egr-1 expression block the autocrine and paracrine loops of angiogenic factors in vascular endothelial and cancer cells. Together, these findings provide a molecular framework of IGFBP-3's IGF-independent antiangiogenic antitumor activities.
IntroductionAngiogenesis, the formation of new capillaries from existing blood vessels, is essential to carcinogenic processes, including solid tumor formation, growth, invasion, and metastasis. 1 Most tumors can stimulate angiogenesis by switching on the production of numerous cytokines and growth factors, including fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs), and platelet-derived growth factors (PDGFs). 2 Several antiangiogenic agents are in various phases of clinical trials for human cancer; however, most of these agents target the VEGF signaling pathway. 3 Therefore, other potential therapeutic agents that block non-VEGF angiogenic pathways need to be evaluated.Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3), a member of a family of 6 IGFBPs, has demonstrated antiproliferative, proapoptotic, antiangiogenic, and antimetastatic activity in a variety of cancer cells. [4][5][6][7][8] It may also have IGF-independent antitumor activities through cell-surface or intracellular protein interaction, its nuclear translocation, or its transcriptional regulation. 7,[9][10][11][12] However, the mechanisms that mediate IGFBP-3's IGF-independent antitumor activity have not been clearly defined.The 82-kDa phosphoprotein transcription factor early growth response protein 1 (Egr-1), an immediate early gene product, has been implicated in multiple cellular processes, including cell growth, apoptosis, wound healing, and angiogenesis. Mitogenic stimuli, including serum, PDGF, peptide growth factors, and B-Raf, and nonmitogenic stresses, including ␥-irradiation and hypoxia, activate Egr-1 expre...