“…7 During the fibrotic progression of chronic liver diseases (CLDs), activated and myofibroblast-like HSCs (HSC/MFs) play a major profibrogenic role together with portal (myo)fibroblast and, possibly, bone marrow-derived stem cells, giving rise to hepatic populations of highly proliferative, profibrogenic, and contractile myofibroblast-like cells (MFs). 10 -16 Possible interplay and/or association between fibrogenesis and angiogenesis in CLDs is now suggested and supported by several findings: 1) angiogenesis and upregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression has been documented in different models of acute and chronic liver injury 7,[17][18][19][20][21] as well as in specimens from human fibrotic/cirrhotic liver and hepatocellular carcinoma 7,[22][23][24] ; 2) in HSCs, hypoxia has been shown to up-regulate expression of VEGF, 20,[25][26][27] VEGF receptor type I (fms-like tyrosine kinase receptor or Flt-1), 20,25 and collagen type I 20 ; 3) VEGF has been proposed to directly stimulate proliferation and expression of ␣1(I)-procollagen mRNA in activated rat HSCs 21 ; and 4) paracrine expression of VEGF by rat HSCs as well as by hepatocytes has been shown to regulate the phenotype (ie, fenestration and CD-31 expression) of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, 28 a feature of possible relevance in CLDs. Data concerning expression of angiopoietins are, at present, much more limited.…”