Expressive development and basic emotions

Camras, Linda A.

doi:10.1080/02699939208411072

Cited by 146 publications

(138 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…On the whole, the data are consistent with the infant expression literature in showing that sad expressions and anger/sad blends co-occur to some degree with anger, weakly supporting DST (Camras, 1992;Matias & Cohen, 1993 expressions when a frustration is introduced, as might be expected of loosely differentiated negative expressions. Because only 3% of the negative expressions in the present experiments were sadness alone, sadness was not a significant part of the frustration response, a finding that replicates past work on emotional responses to extinction Sullivan et al, 1992).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

“…In addition, we coded a wider range of emotion expressions during the frustration period. In addition to anger and sadness, we examined blends of anger and sadness because these commonly occur in situations in which discrete anger and sadness expressions are observed (Camras, 1992;Matias & Cohen, 1993). We also examined surprise.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Learning in context and experience are seen as critical in determining which emotional behaviors and expressions are observed, their correspondence to states, and how each changes over time. Camras (1992Camras ( , 1994Camras, Malatesta, & Izard, 1991) addressed a portion of this problem, namely, the relation between specific elicitors and specific facial expressions. Using a dynamical systems theory (DST) perspective, Camras also proposed that expressions, like other forms of motor behavior, are "softly assembled," such that no single facial expression ever characterizes a specific emotion.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Contextual determinants of anger and other negative expressions in young infants.

Sullivan¹,

Lewis²

2003

Developmental Psychology

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Two experiments examined how different frustration contexts affect the instrumental and emotional responses of 4-to 5-month-old infants. Three different frustrating contexts were investigated: loss of stimulation (extinction), reduction in contingent stimulation (partial reinforcement), and loss of stimulus control (noncontingency). In both experiments, changes in arm activity and facial expressions of anger and sadness coded according to the Maximally Discriminative Facial Movement Coding System (MAX) were the measures of frustration. Both experiments showed that (a) arm responses increased when the contingent stimulus was lost or reduced but decreased when control of the stimulus was lost under noncontingency, (b) MAX-coded anger, but not MAX-coded sad or blends of anger and sad, was associated with frustration, and (c) the pattern of anger and arm responses varied with the frustration context. When contingent stimulation was lost or reduced, both anger and arm responses increased, but when expected control was lost under noncontingency, arm responses decreased while anger increased.Infants' responses to distinctive eliciting contexts have a long history in the assessment of emotions during the 1st year of life. For example, tickling, having the infant taste lemon juice in contrast to sweet and bitter solutions, sudden violations such as that produced by a jack-inthe-box, the entry of a masked stranger, arm restraint, or removal of a teething biscuit have all been used to elicit facial expressions in young infants (Bendersky, Sullivan, Alessandri, & Lewis, 1995;Braungart-Reiker & Stifter, 1996;Charlesworth, 1969;Fox & Davidson, 1986;Granchrow, Steiner, & Daher, 1983;Kochanska, Coy, Tjebkes, & Husarek, 1998;Rosenstein & Oster, 1988;Scarr & Salapatek, 1970;Skarkin, 1977;Sroufe & Wunsch, 1972;Steiner, 1979;Stenberg, Campos, & Emde, 1983). These situations represent only a sample of the various contexts that have been devised. Studying facial expressions and behavior in varied contexts (a) can demonstrate whether there are relatively unique sets of facial expressions for a given context and whether the same expression serves different functions across contexts and (b) allows some confidence about the "signal value" of infant facial expressions (Bennett, Bendersky, & Lewis, 2002;Lewis & Michalson, 1983). Examination of facial expressions across a variety of well-controlled and systematically varied contexts should also help to clarify issues related to infant facial expressions and their organization early in development.The literature on infant facial expression has many problems (Lewis & Michalson, 1983). First is the issue of emotional expression as an index of emotional state. Others are the relation between emotional expressions and experiences, the connection between emotional state and NIH-PA Author ManuscriptNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript experience, and finally, the relation between specific elicitors and facial expressions. Differential emotions theory (DET; Izard & Ackerman, 2...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Contextual determinants of anger and other negative expressions in young infants.

Sullivan¹,

Lewis²

2003

Developmental Psychology

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“…In that study, anger and sadness expressions were analyzed separately, with stability coefficients of .27 and .22, respectively. Because anger and sadness expressions are difficult to distinguish in infancy (Camras, 1992), it is possible that combining the two expressions in this study would have resulted in greater stability in the rate of negative responses. Toda and Fogel (1993) found instability in both positive and negative responses.…”

Section: Individual Differencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infant affective responses to mother's still face at 6 months differentially predict externalizing and internalizing behaviors at 18 months.

Moore

Cohn

Campbell

2001

Developmental Psychology

151

134

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This study investigated (a) stability and change in infant affective responses to the still-face interaction, (b) whether maternal depression affected infant responses, and (c) whether responses to the still-face interaction predicted toddler problem behaviors. Infants (63 girls and 66 boys) of European American mothers (67 depressed and 62 nondepressed) were observed in the still-face interaction at 2, 4, and 6 months. Affect and gaze were coded on a 1-s time base. There were stable individual differences in gazing away and in rates of negative affect. Developmental change occurred only for gazing away, which increased. At 18 months, infants who failed to smile at 6 months in the still-face interaction showed more externalizing-type behaviors than did other toddlers. Infants who failed to cry at 6 months showed fewer internalizing-type behaviors. Mothers' current depressive symptoms and infants' earlier responses to the still-face interaction made independent, comparable contributions to problem behaviors at 18 months.

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“…Reviews of our dynamiC systems approach to emotional development can be found in the following works: Dickson, Fogel, and Messinger (forthcoming) ;Fogel and others (1992) ;Fogel, Nwokah, and Karns (1991) ;Fogel and Thelen (1987);and Messinger, Fogel, and Dickson (1997). Additional theoretical discussions of dYnamic systems approaches applied to emotion can be found in Camras (1992), Haviland and Kahlbaugh (1993), Lewis (1993Lewis ( , 1995, and Wolff (1987).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Communication of smiling and laughter in mother-infant play: Research on emotion from a dynamic systems perspective

Fogel

Dickson

Hsu

et al. 1997

New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development

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In this chapter we present a summary of our recent work examining emotional development in infancy from a dynamic systems perspective. Our goal is to describe the studies that have evolved from our research group and to explain how these studies have been informed by dynamic systems thinking. Reviews of our dynamiC systems approach to emotional development can be found in the following works: Dickson, Fogel, and Messinger (forthcoming); Fogel and others (1992); Fogel, Nwokah, and Karns (1991); Fogel and Thelen (1987); and Messinger, Fogel, and Dickson (1997). Additional theoretical discussions of dYnamic systems approaches applied to emotion can be found in Camras (1992), Haviland and Kahlbaugh (1993), Lewis (1993), and Wolff (1987. We open this chapter with a theoretical overview, followed by a report on our work on the development of emotions related to the expressions of smiling and laughter during the first three years of life in the context of parentinfant play. Smiling is examined in the follOwing social contexts: during face-to-face mother-infant communication (from one to six months), during

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Expressive development and basic emotions

Cited by 146 publications

References 17 publications

Contextual determinants of anger and other negative expressions in young infants.

Contextual determinants of anger and other negative expressions in young infants.

Infant affective responses to mother's still face at 6 months differentially predict externalizing and internalizing behaviors at 18 months.

Communication of smiling and laughter in mother-infant play: Research on emotion from a dynamic systems perspective

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