Extended Conjugation Platinum(II) Porphyrins for use in Near-Infrared Emitting Organic Light Emitting Diodes

Graham, Kenneth R.; Yang, Yixing; Sommer, Jonathan R.; Shelton, Abigail H.; Schanze, Kirk S.; Xue, Jiangeng; Reynolds, John R.

doi:10.1021/cm202242x

Cited by 237 publications

(181 citation statements)

References 46 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

176

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Remarkably, the device is highly efficient at large current densities. The energy conversion efficiency (wall-plug efficiency) of our NFPI6B MQW LED is 5.5% at 100 mA cm -2 , which is more efficient than the state-of-the-art vacuum-deposited organic LEDs at this high current density (Supplementary Table S2) [24][25][26] . The EQE histogram for 70 NFPI6B-MQW LEDs shows an average peak EQE of 8.8% and a small relative standard deviation of 11% (Fig.…”

mentioning

confidence: 91%

Perovskite light-emitting diodes based on solution-processed self-organized multiple quantum wells

et al. 2016

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Perovskite light-emitting diodes based on solution-processed self-organized multiple quantum wells, Nature Photonics, 2016. 10(11) Encouraging performance metrics of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) based on 3Dperovskites, such as low turn-on voltages and external quantum efficiencies (EQEs) of up to 3.5% at high current densities, have been demonstrated 9 . However, the EL quantum efficiency is far behind the limit predicated by ~70% PLQE of the 3D perovskites, mainly due to the existence of current losses caused by incomplete surface coverage of the perovskite films and the fact that the high PLQE can only be obtained at high excitations 8,9 . By using thick (>300 nm) perovskite films, Cho et al.obtained LEDs with over 8% EQE 10 . However, for this device, the turn-on voltage is high and the power efficiency is low, which may result from the thick perovskite layer used. In order to further enhance the performance of 3D perovskite-based LEDs, it is 3 essential to obtain perovskite thin films with both complete surface coverage and high PLQE [8][9][10] . Moreover, device stability, which was proven to be a vital issue in organic-inorganic halide perovskite-based photovoltaics 11 , has not been addressed in perovskite LEDs.The 3D perovskites are actually an extreme case of layered organometal halide perovskites with a general formula of L2(SMX3)n-1MX4, where M, X, L, and S are a divalent metal cation, a halide, and organic cations with long and short chains, respectively ( Fig. 1a) [12][13][14] . Here n is the number of semiconducting MX4 monolayer sheets within the two organic insulating layers (cation L), with n=∞ corresponding to the structure of a 3D perovskite SMX3. With smaller numbers of MX4 layers, quantum confinement effects, such as an increase in bandgap and exciton energy, become important 6,15 . In consequence, the layered perovskites naturally form quantum-well structures. At the opposite extreme, when n=1, the layered perovskites form a monolayer structure of a two-dimensional (2D) perovskite L2MX4. The 2D L2MX4 perovskites generally have good film-formation properties 13 . Nevertheless, the PLQEs of the 2D perovskites are rather low at room temperature, owing to fast exciton quenching rates 6,7 . LEDs based on the 2D perovskites have been attempted, while the devices are either very low in efficiency or only operational at cryogenic temperatures [16][17][18] . Here we demonstrate very efficient (up to 11.7% EQE) and high-brightness EL achievable at room temperature by using solution-processed perovskite multiple quantum wells (MQWs) with an energy cascade, which can combine the advantages of 2D and 3D perovskites. We note, a relevant perovskite LED work 19 which shows a peak EQE of 8.8% has been published online during the revision of this paper.A precursor solution of 1-naphthylmethylamine iodide (NMAI), formamidinium iodide (FAI), and PbI2 with a molar ratio of 2:1:2 dissolved in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) was used to deposit perovskite films (see Methods for details), which are abbreviated as NFPI...

show abstract

mentioning

confidence: 91%

Perovskite light-emitting diodes based on solution-processed self-organized multiple quantum wells

et al. 2016

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…We are particularly interested in triplet electronic spin states, whose applications encompass medical photodynamic therapy, 1,2 energy up-conversion by triplet-triplet annihilation, 3,4 organic light emitting devices (OLED) 5,6 and biological imaging of oxygen. 7,8 In imaging applications, such as oxygen imaging by phosphorescence lifetime, 9 the ability to impose control over spatial localization of triplet states of probe molecules, e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Generation of Phosphorescent Triplet States via Photoinduced Electron Transfer: Energy and Electron Transfer Dynamics in Pt Porphyrin–Rhodamine B Dyads

2012

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Control over generation and dynamics of excited electronic states is fundamental to their utilization in all areas of technology. We present the first example of multichromophoric systems in which emissive triplet states are generated via a pathway involving photoinduced electron transfer (ET), as opposed to local intrachromophoric processes. In model dyads, PtP-Phn-pRhB+ (1-3, n=1-3), comprising platinum(II) meso-tetraarylporphyrin (PtP) and rhodamine B piperazine derivative (pRhB+), linked by oligo-p-phenylene bridges (Phn), upon selective excitation of pRhB+ at a frequency below that of the lowest allowed transition of PtP, room-temperature T1→S0 phosphorescence of PtP was observed. The pathway leading to the emissive PtP triplet state includes excitation of pRhB+, ET with formation of the singlet radical pair, intersystem crossing within that pair and subsequent radical recombination. Due to the close proximity of the triplet energy levels of PtP and pRhB+, reversible triplet-triplet (TT) energy transfer between these states was observed in dyads 1 and 2. As a result, the phosphorescence of PtP was extended in time by the long decay of the pRhB+ triplet. Observation of ET and TT in the same series of molecules enabled direct comparison of the distance attenuation factors β between these two closely related processes.

show abstract

“…[7] In the search for ever-higher efficiencies, several classes of materials have been investigated, such as perovskite-structured methylammonium lead halides, [8][9][10] quantum dots, [11] and organometallic phosphorescent complexes. [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19] However, although such hybrid materials afford substantial electroluminescence (EL) external quantum efficiency (EQE) in the NIR, in some cases exceeding 10% [8,10] or even 20% or so, [13] their use of heavy, toxic, and/or costly metals is not ideal for manufacturing, sustainability, environmental impact, and, in perspective, biocompatibility. Furthermore, in such hybrid systems, and in general in materials that leverage triplet excitons to boost the EQE, [20,21] exciton recombination dynamics typically fall in the hundreds of nanoseconds or even in the microsecond (or longer) range, which intrinsically limits the bandwidth when integrated in devices for telecommunications.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficient Near‐Infrared Electroluminescence at 840 nm with “Metal‐Free” Small‐Molecule:Polymer Blends

et al. 2018

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The development of efficient and biocompatible organic near-infrared emitters is attractive for many applications, spanning from photodynamic therapy [1] to light fidelity (Li-Fi) all-optical networking systems. [2][3][4] In particular, the range 700-1000 nm is interesting for medical applications, given the semitransparency of biological tissue in this spectral interval, [5] and we will specifically refer to this range as near-infrared (NIR) in the following text. Compared to conventional inorganic materials, organic NIR emitters are interesting also for their mechanical conformability, which makes them appealing for the integration in flexible and stretchable devices. [6] Furthermore, the metal-free organic light-emitting materials can be a cheap and biocompatible alternative to inorganic ones for application in wearable, implantable, or in vivo medical applications, such as for sensing of body temperature, heart and respiration rates, blood pressure, glucose level, and oxygenation. [7] In the search for ever-higher efficiencies, several classes of materials have been investigated, such as perovskite-structured methylammonium lead halides, [8][9][10] quantum dots, [11] and organometallic phosphorescent complexes. [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19] However, although such hybrid materials afford substantial electroluminescence (EL) external quantum efficiency (EQE) in the NIR, in some cases exceeding 10% [8,10] or even 20% or so, [13] their use of heavy, toxic, and/or costly metals is not ideal for manufacturing, sustainability, environmental impact, and, in perspective, biocompatibility. Furthermore, in such hybrid systems, and in general in materials that leverage triplet excitons to boost the EQE, [20,21] exciton recombination dynamics typically fall in the hundreds of nanoseconds or even in the microsecond (or longer) range, which intrinsically limits the bandwidth when integrated in devices for telecommunications. For Li-Fi applications, [2][3][4] fluorescent molecular and polymeric materials are preferred, given that the typical fluorescence lifetime of these materials is of the order of few nanoseconds or less, thereby ideally allowing data transmission rates up to the Gb s −1 regime.In the last decade, scientists have attempted different strategies to develop heavy-metal-free NIR fluorescent organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), with chemical design essentially revolving around the careful combination of donor and acceptor groups to both tune the spectral range (up to 1000 nm) and maximize the EQE. [22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33] Very recently, we have, for Due to the so-called energy-gap law and aggregation quenching, the efficiency of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) emitting above 800 nm is significantly lower than that of visible ones. Successful exploitation of triplet emission in phosphorescent materials containing heavy metals has been reported, with OLEDs achieving remarkable external quantum efficiencies (EQEs) up to 3.8% (peak wavelength > 800 nm). For OLEDs incorporating f...

show abstract

Extended Conjugation Platinum(II) Porphyrins for use in Near-Infrared Emitting Organic Light Emitting Diodes

Cited by 237 publications

References 46 publications

Perovskite light-emitting diodes based on solution-processed self-organized multiple quantum wells

Perovskite light-emitting diodes based on solution-processed self-organized multiple quantum wells

Generation of Phosphorescent Triplet States via Photoinduced Electron Transfer: Energy and Electron Transfer Dynamics in Pt Porphyrin–Rhodamine B Dyads

Efficient Near‐Infrared Electroluminescence at 840 nm with “Metal‐Free” Small‐Molecule:Polymer Blends

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About