Extended Genetic Diversity of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus and Frequency of Genotypes and Subtypes in Cattle in Italy between 1995 and 2013

Abstract

Genetic typing of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) has distinguished BVDV-1 and BVDV-2 species and an emerging putative third species (HoBi-like virus), recently detected in southern Italy, signaling the occurrence of natural infection in Europe. Recognizing the need to update the data on BVDV genetic variability in Italy for mounting local and European alerts, a wide collection of 5′ UTR sequences (n = 371) was selected to identify the frequency of genotypes and subtypes at the herd level. BVDV-1 had the highest frequency, followed by sporadic BVDV-2. No novel HoBi-like viruses were identified. Four distribution patterns of BVDV-1 subtypes were observed: highly prevalent subtypes with a wide temporal-spatial distribution (1b and 1e), low prevalent subtypes with a widespread geographic distribution (1a, 1d, 1g, 1h, and 1k) or a restricted geographic distribution (1f), and sporadic subtypes detected only in single herds (1c, 1j, and 1l). BVDV-1c, k, and l are reported for the first time in Italy. A unique genetic variant was detected in the majority of herds, but cocirculation of genetic variants was also observed. Northern Italy ranked first for BVDV introduction, prevalence, and dispersion. Nevertheless, the presence of sporadic variants in other restricted areas suggests the risk of different routes of BVDV introduction.

Phylogeography, phylodynamics and transmission chains of bovine viral diarrhea virus subtype 1f in Northern Italy

“…In Italy, it was previously observed in the restricted area of Northern Italy (Luzzago et al, 2014) and the implemented dataset of the present study, confirms this pattern of distribution in our country.…”

“…Previous studies (Luzzago et al, 2014) showed that BVDV-1b and 1e had the highest prevalence and a wide spatio-temporal dispersion, conversely to BVDV-1f, characterized by a low prevalence in a restricted area, that is Northern Italy.…”

Variability and Global Distribution of Subgenotypes of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus

“…▲ : Isolates from different clusters, but given the same name. References (I): [21,49,114,115,116]; (II): [41,49]; (III): [117]; (IV): [118]; (V): [119,120]; (VI): [52]; (VII): [21,49,121]; (VIII): [122,123,124,125,126]; (IX): [21]; (X): [127,128,129]; (XI): [21,49,130,131,132,133,134,135,136,137,138,139,140]; (XII): [141]; (XIII): [142,143]; (XIV): [144]; (XV): [21,49,52]; (XVI): [145,146]; (XVII): [21,40,147,148,149,150,151,152]; (XVIII): [153]; (XIX): [9,154,155,156]; (XX): [157,158,159,160,161,162]; (XXI): […”

The Molecular Biology of Pestiviruses

“…The figure was taken from Liu, Xia, Wahlberg, Belak, and Baule (2009). review. For more information on genotypes, we refer to corresponding publications ( Jenckel et al, 2014;Luzzago et al, 2014;Pan et al, 2005;Paton et al, 2000;Postel et al, 2012;Rosamilia et al, 2014).…”