The filtering skill for turbulent signals from nature is often limited by model errors created by utilizing an imperfect model for filtering. Updating the parameters associated with unresolved or unknown processes in the imperfect model "on the fly" through stochastic parameter estimation is an efficient way to increase filtering skill and model performance. Here, a suite of filters implementing stochastic parameter estimation is examined on a nonlinear, exactly solvable, stochastic test model mimicking turbulent signals in regimes ranging from configurations with strongly intermittent, transient instabilities to laminar behavior. Stochastic Parameterization Extended Kalman Filter (SPEKF) systematically corrects both multiplicative and additive biases in the observed dynamics and it involves exact formulas for propagating the mean and covariance including the unresolved parameters in the test model. The remaining filters use the same nonlinear test model but they introduce additional model error through different moment closure approximations and/or linear tangent approximation used for computing the second-order statistics in the stochastic forecast model. A comprehensive study of filter performance is carried out in the presence of various sources of model error as the observation time and observation noise levels are varied. In particular, regimes of filter divergence for the linear tangent filter are identified. The estimation skill of the unresolved stochastic parameters by various filters is also discussed and it is shown that the linear tangent filter, despite its popularity, is completely unreliable in many dynamical regimes. The results presented here provide useful guidelines for filtering turbulent, high-dimensional, spatially extended systems with significant model errors. They also provide unambiguous benchmarks for the capabilities of linear and nonlinear extended Kalman filters on a stringent, exactly solvable test bed.