Extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing and AmpC-producing Escherichia coli from livestock and companion animals, and their putative impact on public health: a global perspective

Abstract

The possible zoonotic spread of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria is controversial. This review discusses global molecular epidemiological data combining both analyses of the chromosomal background, using multilocus sequence typing (MLST), and analyses of plasmid (episomal) extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)/AmpC genes in Escherichia coli present in humans and animals. For consideration of major epidemiological differences, animals were separated into livestock and companion animals. MLST revealed the existence of ESBL-producing isolates thoughout the E. coli population, with no obvious association with any ancestral EcoR group. A similar distribution of major ESBL/AmpC types was apparent only in human isolates, regardless of their geographical origin from Europe, Asia, or the Americas, whereas in animals this varied extensively between animal groups and across different geographical areas. In contrast to the diversity of episomal ESBL/AmpC types, isolates from human and animals mainly shared identical sequence types (STs), suggesting transmission or parallel micro-evolution. In conclusion, the opinion that animal ESBL-producing E. coli is a major source of human infections is oversimplified, and neglects a highly complex scenario.

Environmental adaptation and vertical dissemination of ESBL‐/pAmpC‐producing Escherichia coli in an integrated broiler production chain in the absence of an antibiotic treatment

“…Extended‐spectrum beta‐lactamase‐ (ESBL‐) and plasmid‐mediated AmpC beta‐lactamase‐ (pAmpC‐) producing Enterobacteriaceae are an increasing problem in public health and veterinary medicine (Pitout and Laupland, 2008; Ewers et al ., 2012; Kaesbohrer et al ., 2012). A major concern is the high prevalence of these resistant bacteria in the broiler production chain.…”

Extended-spectrum β-lactamase- and pAmpC-producing Enterobacteriaceae among the general population in a livestock-dense area

“…ESBL/pAmpC-producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL/pAmpC-E) were initially only observed in human health care [2,3], but they are increasingly detected in the community [2,4e8] as well as in companion animals [9,10], livestock [2e4, 9,11,12] and meat [2,3,13]. Potential routes of transmission of ESBL/pAmpC-E to humans are via the food chain [2,3], by direct contact with animals [4] or indirectly via the environment [11,14].…”

Detection of virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes in Escherichia coli isolates from diarrhoiec dogs in Iran

“…Isolation of diarrhoeagenic antimicrobial-resistant E. coli from dogs with or without diarrhoea and/or their handlers have been reported in countries such as Italy (Carattoli et al 2005), Portugal (Costa et al 2008, Bien et al 2011, Poland (Rzewuska et al 2015), Brazil (de Almeida et al 2012, Paula and Marin 2008, Paula and Marin 2009, Siqueira et al 2009, Puno-Sarmiento et al 2013, the Netherlands (Ewers et al 2010, Ewers et al 2012, Argentina (Bentancor et al 2007), America (Shaheen et al 2011), and Egypt (Ali andMetwaly 2015, Yunis et al 2015). In the available literature, studies on pathogenic E. coli in diarrhoeic and/or healthy dogs in Iran include the reports of Zahrei Salehi et al (2011) and Koochakzadeh et al (2014).…”

“…This resulted in increased detection of antibacterial-resistant E. coli both pathogenic and non-pathogenic strains, in companion animals worldwide (Hammermueler et al 1995, Bradford 2001, Guardabassi et al 2004, Ewers et al 2012. E. coli develop resistance following prolonged exposure to antibacterial agents especially in sub-therapeutic doses by acquisition of antibacterial resistance genes from other resident commensal or transient pathogens colonising the individual or the environment.…”