Extended Y chromosome haplotypes resolve multiple and unique lineages of the Jewish priesthood

Hammer, Michael F.; Behar, Doron M.; Karafet, Tatiana M.; Mendez, Fernando L.; Hallmark, Brian; Erez, Tamar; Zhivotovsky, Lev A.; Rosset, Saharon; Skorecki, Karl

doi:10.1007/s00439-009-0727-5

Cited by 68 publications

(69 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…In addition, the Jewish traditions (particularly circumcision, a talith prayer shawl, shabbat, praying in the direction of Jerusalem during the Day of Atonement or Yom Kippur and the Magen David symbol in their houses, among several others) 2 observed among Pathans from Afghanistan and the presence of haplogroup G2c-M377, a lineage commonly observed among the Ashkenazi Jewish population (B7%), 42 are congruent with the above-stated hypothesis. …”

Section: Similarity Between Pathans From Afghanistan and Pakistansupporting

confidence: 64%

Afghanistan from a Y-chromosome perspective

et al. 2012

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Central Asia has served as a corridor for human migrations providing trading routes since ancient times. It has functioned as a conduit connecting Europe and the Middle East with South Asia and far Eastern civilizations. Therefore, the study of populations in this region is essential for a comprehensive understanding of early human dispersal on the Eurasian continent. Although Y-chromosome distributions in Central Asia have been widely surveyed, present-day Afghanistan remains poorly characterized genetically. The present study addresses this lacuna by analyzing 190 Pathan males from Afghanistan using high-resolution Y-chromosome binary markers. In addition, haplotype diversity for its most common lineages (haplogroups R1a1a*-M198 and L3-M357) was estimated using a set of 15 Y-specific STR loci. The observed haplogroup distribution suggests some degree of genetic isolation of the northern population, likely due to the Hindu Kush mountain range separating it from the southern Afghans who have had greater contact with neighboring Pathans from Pakistan and migrations from the Indian subcontinent. Our study demonstrates genetic similarities between Pathans from Afghanistan and Pakistan, both of which are characterized by the predominance of haplogroup R1a1a*-M198 (450%) and the sharing of the same modal haplotype. Furthermore, the high frequencies of R1a1a-M198 and the presence of G2c-M377 chromosomes in Pathans might represent phylogenetic signals from Khazars, a common link between Pathans and Ashkenazi groups, whereas the absence of E1b1b1a2-V13 lineage does not support their professed Greek ancestry.

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Section: Similarity Between Pathans From Afghanistan and Pakistansupporting

confidence: 64%

Afghanistan from a Y-chromosome perspective

et al. 2012

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“…6 Subsequently, several data sets containing hg G-related lineages have been presented in studies of different European populations [7][8][9][10] and so on, as well as studies involving several Middle Eastern and South Asian populations. 4,[11][12][13] Hg G, together with J2 clades, has been associated with the spread of agriculture, 5 especially in the European context. However, interpretations based on coarse haplogroup resolution frequency clines are unsophisticated and do not recognize underlying patterns of genetic diversification.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distinguishing the co-ancestries of haplogroup G Y-chromosomes in the populations of Europe and the Caucasus

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Lin

et al. 2012

Eur J Hum Genet

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Haplogroup G, together with J2 clades, has been associated with the spread of agriculture, especially in the European context. However, interpretations based on simple haplogroup frequency clines do not recognize underlying patterns of genetic diversification. Although progress has been recently made in resolving the haplogroup G phylogeny, a comprehensive survey of the geographic distribution patterns of the significant sub-clades of this haplogroup has not been conducted yet. Here we present the haplogroup frequency distribution and STR variation of 16 informative G sub-clades by evaluating 1472 haplogroup G chromosomes belonging to 98 populations ranging from Europe to Pakistan. Although no basal G-M201* chromosomes were detected in our data set, the homeland of this haplogroup has been estimated to be somewhere nearby eastern Anatolia, Armenia or western Iran, the only areas characterized by the co-presence of deep basal branches as well as the occurrence of high sub-haplogroup diversity. The P303 SNP defines the most frequent and widespread G sub-haplogroup. However, its sub-clades have more localized distribution with the U1-defined branch largely restricted to Near/Middle Eastern and the Caucasus, whereas L497 lineages essentially occur in Europe where they likely originated. In contrast, the only U1 representative in Europe is the G-M527 lineage whose distribution pattern is consistent with regions of Greek colonization. No clinal patterns were detected suggesting that the distributions are rather indicative of isolation by distance and demographic complexities.

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“…The CMH was subsequently shown to segregate on the background of haplogroup J-12f2a and was present in samples of Ashkenazi, Sephardic and Kurdish Jews (without considering religious status) at frequencies of 7.6%, 6.4% and 10.1%, respectively. [11] Increasing the resolution of Y-chromosome analysis that included 75 binary markers and 22 STR markers, Hammer et al [12] genotyped 122 Ashkenazi and 93 non-Ashkenazi Cohanim to further resolve the paternal ancestry of Jewish priests. Haplogroup J, defined by the presence of the 12f2a/M304 mutation, was resolved further into 16 sub-haplogroups defined by 15 binary markers.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…[10] The inclusion of 6 additional STRs extended this haplotype to 12 STRs which was subsequently referred to as the extended CMH. [12] Of the 99 J-P58* Y chromosomes they examined, 87 carried the CMH using the 6-STR marker system. However, when the 12-STR marker system was used, only 43 Y chromosomes were found to have the extended CMH.…”

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confidence: 99%