“…Mobile devices have also been considered effective tools in developing vocabulary (e.g., Honarzad & Soyoof, 2023;Kara, 2022;Li & Cummins, 2019;Li & Hafner, 2022;van Lieshout & Cardoso, 2022), speaking skills (e.g., Le & Nguyen, 2021;Sun et al, 2017), pronunciation (e.g., Fithriani, 2021;Fouz-Gonzá lez, 2020), writing skills (e.g., Andujar, 2016;Wang & Jiang, 2021), and dynamic assessment (Rassaei, 2021). However, relatively little research work has been done to examine learners' acceptance of mobile devices in language learning, even though it is important to explore and consider learner perspectives before implementing MALL (Botero et al, 2018;Hoang et al, 2022;Hoi, 2020;Luo & Watts, 2022). For example, Chwo et al (2018) examined 213 studies and found -significant discrepancies between how teachers and instructional designers expect MALL devices to be used and how the students actually use them‖ (p. 62).…”