Extending the methodology of X-ray crystallography to allow imaging of micrometre-sized non-crystalline specimens

Coherent X-ray diffractive imaging on the single-cell-level of microbial samples

“…a more complex attenuation pro le, will thus be studied. One possible design that may be particularly suited for high resolution ptychographic imaging of the Siemens star pattern using the Coherent Di ractive Imaging [41,197,297] and, in particular, its variant ptychography [81,249,296] needs to cope with di ration patterns spanning orders of magnitude which can be problematic for current photon counting detectors. In case of ptychography, this high dynamic range problem is more accentuated because both the strong signal from the primary beam and the weak di racted signal from the probed object need to be recorded.…”

“…Intended as a method for high resolution imaging (di raction limited), the methodology was termed Coherent Di ractive Imaging (CDI). The rst experimental demonstration of CDI was achieved by Miao and co-workers using (soft) coherent X-ray radiation with wavelength λ = 1.7 nm [197]. The imaged sample was a micron sized arrangement of gold dots with a diameter of about 100 nm, which shows the letters abcdef '.…”

“…On the other hand, the increasing availability of coherent hard X-ray nano-beams has opened up the experimental window for Coherent Di ractive Imaging (CDI) techniques which can be used to obtain electron density maps at unprecedented real-space resolution [1,41,196,197]. In contrast to standard direct imaging procedures, CDI relies on iterative algorithms that reconstruct the image information based on a priori constraints without the need of an image-forming lens.…”

Time-resolved imaging using x-ray free electron lasers

“…The numerical aperture of the detector is 0.25. [ 22,46,48,49,51,52]. In this case the Shrinkwrap [48] algorithm was used because it required very little a priori knowledge of the same structure other than a well-defined upper bound on the area or volume of the "imaged field" that can be occupied by the sample.…”

Quantitative Chemically Specific Coherent Diffractive Imaging of Reactions at Buried Interfaces with Few Nanometer Precision

“…In particular, by combining coherent, short-wavelength beams from either high harmonic generation (HHG) [10] or X-ray free electron lasers (XFELs) [11] with coherent diffractive imaging (CDI) [12][13][14][15], it is now possible to reach near-wavelength resolution imaging in the EUV and X-ray regions for the first time [16,17]. Accordingly, CDI has found a range of applications in transmission and reflection geometries [18][19][20] to investigate nanoscale strain [21,22], semiconductor structures [18], and for biological imaging [23][24][25].…”