Extension of an assessment model of ship traffic exhaust emissions for particulate matter and carbon monoxide

Jalkanen, Jukka-Pekka; Johansson, Lasse; Kukkonen, Jaakko; Brink, Anders; Kalli, Juha; Stipa, Tapani

doi:10.5194/acp-12-2641-2012

Cited by 319 publications

(287 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…The values used in STEAM for ash emission factors are similar to the results recently reported by Moldanova et al (2013). More details of emission factors of PM components can be found in Jalkanen et al (2012).…”

Section: Ship Emissions In the Baltic Sea And The North Seamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The emissions for the Baltic Sea and the North Sea areas were obtained with the Ship Traffic Emission Assessment Model (STEAM) (Jalkanen et al, 2009(Jalkanen et al, , 2012. In this model actual ship movements of individual ships collected from the national Automatic Identification System (AIS) base station networks are used.…”

Section: Ship Emissions In the Baltic Sea And The North Seamentioning

confidence: 99%

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Model calculations of the effects of present and future emissions of air pollutants from shipping in the Baltic Sea and the North Sea

et al. 2015

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Abstract. Land-based emissions of air pollutants in Europe have steadily decreased over the past two decades, and this decrease is expected to continue. Within the same time span emissions from shipping have increased in EU ports and in the Baltic Sea and the North Sea, defined as SECAs (sulfur emission control areas), although recently sulfur emissions, and subsequently particle emissions, have decreased. The maximum allowed sulfur content in marine fuels in EU ports is now 0.1 %, as required by the European Union sulfur directive. In the SECAs the maximum fuel content of sulfur is currently 1 % (the global average is about 2.4 %). This will be reduced to 0.1 % from 2015, following the new International Maritime Organization (IMO) rules.In order to assess the effects of ship emissions in and around the Baltic Sea and the North Sea, regional model calculations with the EMEP air pollution model have been made on a 1/4 • longitude × 1/8 • latitude resolution, using ship emissions in the Baltic Sea and the North Sea that are based on accurate ship positioning data. The effects on depositions and air pollution and the resulting number of years of life lost (YOLLs) have been calculated by comparing model calculations with and without ship emissions in the two sea areas. In 2010 stricter regulations for sulfur emissions were implemented in the two sea areas, reducing the maximum sulfur content allowed in marine fuels from 1.5 to 1 %. In addition ships were required to use fuels with 0.1 % sulfur in EU harbours. The calculations have been made with emissions representative of 2009 and 2011, i.e. before and after the implementation of the stricter controls on sulfur emissions from 2010. The calculations with present emissions show that per person, an additional 0.1-0.2 years of life lost is estimated in areas close to the major ship tracks with current emission levels. Comparisons of model calculations with emissions before and after the implementation of stricter emission control on sulfur show a general decrease in calculated particle concentration. At the same time, however, an increase in ship activity has resulted in higher emissions of other components, and subsequently air concentrations, in particular of NO x , especially in and around several major ports.Additional model calculations have been made with landbased and ship emissions representative of year 2030. Following a decrease in emissions from all sectors, air quality is expected to improve, and depositions to be reduced. Particles from shipping are expected to decrease as a result of emission controls in the SECAs. Further controls of NO x emissions from shipping are not decided, and calculations are presented with and without such controls.

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Section: Ship Emissions In the Baltic Sea And The North Seamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Ship Emissions In the Baltic Sea And The North Seamentioning

confidence: 99%

Model calculations of the effects of present and future emissions of air pollutants from shipping in the Baltic Sea and the North Sea

et al. 2015

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“…They showed using the STEAM2 shipping emission modelling (Jalkanen et al, 2012;Johansson et al, 2013) that the contribution of primary shipping emissions of to the concentrations of PM 2.5 are only 3 % on the average in the Helsinki metropolitan area. However, this contribution can be higher than 20 % in the vicinity of the harbours (within a distance of approximately 1 km).…”

Section: Emission Inventory For Helsinkimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Shipping emissions were based on the STEAM2 emission model (Jalkanen et al, 2012;Johansson et al, 2013). Emissions for PN were based on the CO 2 emissions, converted first back to fuel consumption, and then PN emissions were calculated using an emission factor of 1 × 10 16 particles (kg fuel) −1 , recommended by .…”

Section: Emission Inventory For Oslomentioning

confidence: 99%

Modelling the dispersion of particle numbers in five European cities

et al. 2016

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Abstract. We present an overview of the modelling of particle number concentrations (PNCs) in five major European cities, namely Helsinki, Oslo, London, Rotterdam, and Athens, in 2008. Novel emission inventories of particle numbers have been compiled both on urban and European scales. We used atmospheric dispersion modelling for PNCs in the five target cities and on a European scale, and evaluated the predicted results against available measured concentrations. In all the target cities, the concentrations of particle numbers (PNs) were mostly influenced by the emissions originating from local vehicular traffic. The influence of shipping and harbours was also significant for Helsinki, Oslo, Rotterdam, and Athens, but not for London. The influence of the aviation emissions in Athens was also notable. The regional background concentrations were clearly lower than the contributions originating from urban sources in Helsinki, Oslo, and Athens. The regional background was also lower than urban contributions in traffic environments in London, but higher or approximately equal to urban contributions in Rotterdam. It was numerically evaluated that the influence of coagulation and dry deposition on the predicted PNCs was substantial for the urban background in Oslo. The predicted and measured annual average PNCs in four cities agreed within approximately ≤ 26 % (measured as fractional biases), except for one traffic station in London. This study indicates that it is feasible to model PNCs in major cities within a reasonable accuracy, although major challenges remain in the evaluation of both the emissions and atmospheric transformation of PNCs.

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“…Emissions from ship traffic in the harbours of Helsinki and in the surrounding sea areas were modelled using the Ship Traffic Emissions Assessment Model (STEAM) presented by Jalkanen et al (2009Jalkanen et al ( , 2012. The method is based on using the messages provided by the Automatic Identification System (AIS), which enable the positioning of ship emissions with a high spatial resolution (typically a few tens of metres).…”

Section: Emissions Originated From Shippingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Refinement of a model for evaluating the population exposure in an urban area

et al. 2014

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Abstract. A mathematical model is presented for the determination of human exposure to ambient air pollution in an urban area; the model is a refined version of a previously developed mathematical model EXPAND (EXposure model for Particulate matter And Nitrogen oxiDes). The model combines predicted concentrations, information on people's activities and location of the population to evaluate the spatial and temporal variation of average exposure of the urban population to ambient air pollution in different microenvironments. The revisions of the modelling system containing the EXPAND model include improvements of the associated urban emission and dispersion modelling system, an improved treatment of the time use of population, and better treatment for the infiltration coefficients from outdoor to indoor air. The revised model version can also be used for estimating intake fractions for various pollutants, source categories and population subgroups. We present numerical results on annual spatial concentration, time activity and population exposures to PM 2.5 in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area and Helsinki for 2008 and 2009, respectively. Approximately 60 % of the total exposure occurred at home, 17 % at work, 4 % in traffic and 19 % in other microenvironments in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area. The population exposure originating from the long-range transported background concentrations was responsible for a major fraction, 86 %, of the total exposure in Helsinki. The largest local contributors were vehicular emissions (12 %) and shipping (2 %).

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Extension of an assessment model of ship traffic exhaust emissions for particulate matter and carbon monoxide

Cited by 319 publications

References 30 publications

Model calculations of the effects of present and future emissions of air pollutants from shipping in the Baltic Sea and the North Sea

Model calculations of the effects of present and future emissions of air pollutants from shipping in the Baltic Sea and the North Sea

Modelling the dispersion of particle numbers in five European cities

Refinement of a model for evaluating the population exposure in an urban area

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