“…Modern heuristic random search algorithms such as the Genetic Algorithm (GA) (Baskar et al, 2003;Chiang, 2007;Dariane and Momtahen, 2009), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) (Cai et al, 2001;Nagesh Kumar and Janga Reddy, 2007;Zhang et al, 2014), Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) (Zhou and Ji, 2007;Ji et al, 2011;Moeini and Afshar, 2013), Simulated Annealing (SA) (Basu, 2005), Evolutionary Programming (EP) (Basu, 2004;Malekmohammadi et al, 2009), Fuzzy Neural Network (FNN) (Chaves and Kojiri, 2007;Deka and Chandramouli, 2009) and Differential Evolution algorithm (DE) (Yuan et al, 2008;Yuan and Wu, 2012) have been extensively used to solve the CROO problems with nonlinear and non-convex objective functions. Many heuristic random search algorithms have been proved to possess a global convergence, while as they are affected by stochastic characteristics, they cannot guarantee a global optimum with finite iterations.…”