“…Several 3D finite element method (FEM) programs have been developed since the 1990s [1,2], and with the recent improvements in computer software and hardware technology, performing large and complex geotechnical 3D finite element analysis is no longer challenging and expensive. Moreover, many constitutive models have been developed in the last 50 years, contributing to the development of geotechnical analysis using FEM [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. Each model can express ground behaviors, such as anisotropy, dilatancy characteristics, over-and secondary consolidation, and creep.…”