Extensive Geographical Mixing of 2009 Human H1N1 Influenza A Virus in a Single University Community

Holmes, Edward C.; Ghedin, Elodie; Halpin, Rebecca; Stockwell, Timothy B.; Zhang, Xing Quan; Fleming, Regina; Davey, Richard T.; Benson, Constance A.; Mehta, Sanjay R.; Taplitz, Randy; Liu, Yu Tseung; Brouwer, Kimberly C.; Wentworth, David E.; Lin, Xudong; Schooley, Robert T.

doi:10.1128/jvi.00438-11

Cited by 44 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…There was also evidence of intra-and interlineage reassortment events. Finally, phylogenetic clustering methods (20,(40)(41)(42)(43)(44). In line with these findings, our 2-year study in Guangzhou City reveals multiple introductions of influenza B viruses from other Chinese cities and from abroad.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 65%

“…This needs careful interpretation. We have very limited data on gastrointestinal tract symptoms, and no association was reported between clinical symptoms and influenza genetic variation in previous influenza B virus and pandemic A/H1N1 studies (41,53,54). A better understanding of the association between demographic and clinical features and virus genetic variation will require additional data and long-term studies from other places.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3B) sequences revealed that distinct viral lineages circulate in Guangzhou, indicative of multiple introductions into the region. The number of independent introductions was estimated from the phylogenetic tree as Guangzhou strains separated by viruses from other locations, or by strains associated with particularly long branches, as well as singleton lineages (39)(40)(41).…”

Section: Distinct Epidemiological Dynamics Of Influenza B Victoria Anmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Differing Epidemiological Dynamics of Influenza B Virus Lineages in Guangzhou, Southern China, 2009-2010

Tan

Guan

Lam

et al. 2013

J Virol

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The epidemiological and evolutionary dynamics of the two cocirculating lineages of influenza B virus, Victoria and Yamagata, are poorly understood, especially in tropical or subtropical areas of Southeast Asia. We performed a phylogenetic analysis of the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) sequences of influenza B viruses isolated in Guangzhou, a southern Chinese city, during 2009 to 2010 and compared the demographic and clinical features of infected patients. We identified multiple viral introductions of Victoria strains from both Chinese and international sources, which formed two phylogenetically and antigenically distinct clades (Victoria 1 and 2), some of which persisted between seasons. We identified one dominant Yamagata introduction from outside China during 2009. Our phylogenetic analysis reveals the occurrence of reassortment events among the Victoria and Yamagata lineages and also within the Victoria lineage. We found no significant difference in clinical severity by influenza B lineage, with the exceptions that (i) the Yamagata lineage infected older people than either Victoria lineage and (ii) fewer upper respiratory tract infections were caused by the Victoria 2 than the Victoria 1 clade. Overall, our study reveals the complex epidemiological dynamics of different influenza B lineages within a single geographic locality and has implications for vaccination policy in southern China.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 65%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Distinct Epidemiological Dynamics Of Influenza B Victoria Anmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Differing Epidemiological Dynamics of Influenza B Virus Lineages in Guangzhou, Southern China, 2009-2010

Tan

Guan

Lam

et al. 2013

J Virol

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“…3 and 4). These two specimens-along with INS002 for which cloning of the subgenomic RNAs was not as successful-belong to the same influenza virus contact network among students attending the University of California, San Diego (24). Such an evolutionary pattern is compatible with the transmission (as a minor population) of these DI-like RNAs among individuals.…”

Section: Sequence Analysis Of Influenza A(h1n1)pdm09 Virus Strainsmentioning

confidence: 54%

Sequence Analysis of In Vivo Defective Interfering-Like RNA of Influenza A H1N1 Pandemic Virus

Saira

Lin

DePasse

et al. 2013

J Virol

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160

181

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n Influenza virus defective interfering (DI) particles are naturally occurring noninfectious virions typically generated during in vitro serial passages in cell culture of the virus at a high multiplicity of infection. DI particles are recognized for the role they play in inhibiting viral replication and for the impact they have on the production of infectious virions. To date, influenza virus DI particles have been reported primarily as a phenomenon of cell culture and in experimentally infected embryonated chicken eggs. They have also been isolated from a respiratory infection of chickens. Using a sequencing approach, we characterize several subgenomic viral RNAs from human nasopharyngeal specimens infected with the influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus. The distribution of these in vivo-derived DI-like RNAs was similar to that of in vitro DIs, with the majority of the defective RNAs generated from the PB2 (segment 1) of the polymerase complex, followed by PB1 and PA. The lengths of the in vivo-derived DI-like segments also are similar to those of known in vitro DIs, and the in vivo-derived DI-like segments share internal deletions of the same segments. The presence of identical DI-like RNAs in patients linked by direct contact is compatible with transmission between them. The functional role of DI-like RNAs in natural infections remains to be established.

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“…However, the efficacy of class cancellation is uncertain, since there are so many potential virus sources (Holmes et al, 2011). Plans for academic continuity during inter-pandemic periods, in clud ing online teaching and assessment, have been recognized as important but are rarely delivered (Van, McLaws, Crimmins, MacIntyre, & Seale, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Academic Continuity: Staying True to Teaching Values and Objectives in the Face of Course Interruptions

Day

2015

Teaching & Learning Inquiry: The ISSOTL Journal

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Academic continuity planning is an emerging tool for dealing with class cancellation associated with natural disasters, acts of violence and the threat of pandemics. However, academic continuity can also be an issue with respect to less dramatic events, such as power outages, inclement weather, or the temporary unavailability of an instructor, especially if the problem is recurring. Many of the proposed alternative forms of delivery involve some form of web-based learning, but the extent to which these approaches work when students expect face-to-face delivery has not previously been examined. In one such interruption, web-based conferencing from home was undertaken. Based on average test scores, learning was unimpeded by web-based conferencing for one week, but there were some small gender effects that warrant further investigation. Many student comments reflected reduced engagement. The professor noted that students were more likely to respond to questions when the students could see the professor instead of the slides, but in general there were fewer student responses to questions than in face-to-face lectures. A number of comments made unsolicited comparisons with the traditional lecture format, suggesting that the context for teaching and learning, and students' previous experience of different teaching approaches may merit more discussion in online learning studies. KEY WORDSclass cancellation, gender, natural disasters, pandemics, Skype, student engagement, violence, web-based conferencing INTRODUC TIONOccasional class cancellations are not uncommon events on college and university campuses. Inclement weather, professor sickness or competing commitments are of en the cause. Student reaction to cancelled classes has traditionally been one of celebration rather than regret (Lu and Ramsey, 2013). However, values are changing. Cancelled classes have become problematic for many students, especially in the context of high tuition fees and the widely held view of students as consumers (Nielsen, 2011). Class cancellation can be inconvenient to students and the professor's expectations of how students should Day deal with class cancellations are of en unclear (Berschbank, 2010). It is now widely recognized that students deserve better than to find a note on a lecture room door stating the lecture is cancelled. Timely and convenient notice of class cancellations is now readily available via mobile technology in many institutions (Buultjens and Robinson, 2011;Brouwer and McDonnell, 2009).Other issues associated with class cancellations have also emerged in recent years. Externally accredited programs require a certain number of instructional hours, and class cancellations require missed instruction to be made up in some way (Leonard, 2009). Cancelled guest lectures can be particularly problematic because they are provided by experts with unique expertise, requiring substitution of not just the lecturer, but also the topic (Quesada-Pineda, Adams, & Hammett, 2011). The number of cancelled lectures may also be a perfor...

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Extensive Geographical Mixing of 2009 Human H1N1 Influenza A Virus in a Single University Community

Cited by 44 publications

References 24 publications

Differing Epidemiological Dynamics of Influenza B Virus Lineages in Guangzhou, Southern China, 2009-2010

Differing Epidemiological Dynamics of Influenza B Virus Lineages in Guangzhou, Southern China, 2009-2010

Sequence Analysis of In Vivo Defective Interfering-Like RNA of Influenza A H1N1 Pandemic Virus

Academic Continuity: Staying True to Teaching Values and Objectives in the Face of Course Interruptions

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