Extensive Underreported Exposure to Ketamine Among Electronic Dance Music Party Attendees

Palamar, Joseph J.; Salomone, Alberto; Rutherford, Caroline; Keyes, Katherine M.

doi:10.1007/s11606-020-05672-x

Cited by 14 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Underreporting, however, is by no means limited to marijuana use. For example, studies comparing the reliability of self-reported drug use responses with results from hair-testing have found that cocaine, ketamine, and methamphetamine use was significantly underreported in the surveys (8,13,14). Likewise, others have found significant underreporting of amphetamine use and opioid use when self-reported responses were compared with urine analysis (15).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-Correction of Unreported Marijuana Use by Participants Taking a Street Intercept Survey

Palamar

2020

The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse

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Background: Due to underreporting, a major challenge associated with drug use surveys is obtaining precise estimates of drug use.Objective: This study examined reliability of self-reported lifetime marijuana use among electronic dance music (EDM) party attendees-a high-risk population for drug use.Methods: 794 adults (35.1% female) entering EDM parties were intercept-surveyed. Participants were asked about lifetime marijuana use early in the survey. Those not reporting use were asked 5-10 minutes later if their earlier response was correct. Participants reporting their original response was not correct were asked to check off a reason why they did not originally report use. Participants were also asked at the end of the survey how honestly they responded throughout the survey. Prevalence of lifetime marijuana use with and without corrected responses was compared and risk factors for underreporting were examined using a Poisson generalized linear model.Results: Among those not reporting marijuana use, 31.2% subsequently reported use when asked again. Prevalence of use increased from 73.7% to 81.9% after correcting responses, an 8.2% absolute increase and a 10.0% relative increase. Reporting lifetime use of ecstasy and/or LSD was associated with lower risk for underreporting marijuana use. Compared to those reporting that they answered all questions honestly, those who reportedly answered most or no questions honestly were also at higher risk for underreporting. Conclusion:Asking participants to confirm previous responses can help detect underreporting of drug use on intercept surveys. Results can inform survey methods when participants are believed to be at risk for underreporting.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-Correction of Unreported Marijuana Use by Participants Taking a Street Intercept Survey

Palamar

2020

The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse

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“…It has since evolved to become a mainstream ‘club drug’ in the ‘post-rave’ clubbing and youth dance culture ( Kalsi et al, 2011 ). The most commonly described types of ketamine users are: regular users in the dance music scene, including electronic dance music parties ( Palamar et al, 2021 ); psychonauts; injecting heroin users and the ‘gay’ club/party scene ( Dillon et al, 2003 ); no recent studies have looked at this issue. However, evidence from this study (see section below) would suggest that it is also used at music festivals.…”

Section: ‘State-of-the-art’ Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recreational ketamine-related deaths notified to the National Programme on Substance Abuse Deaths, England, 1997–2019

et al. 2021

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Background: Ketamine is a phencyclidine derivative with dissociative anaesthetic properties. Increasing numbers of individuals in England take ketamine recreationally. Information on deaths arising from such use in England is presented. Methods: Cases were extracted on 31 January 2020 from the National Programme on Substance Abuse Deaths database, based on text searches of the cause of death, coroner’s verdict and positive toxicology results for the terms ‘ketamine’ or ‘norketamine’. Findings: During 1997–2005, there were <5 deaths p.a. in which ketamine was implicated. Numbers increased until 2009 (21), plateauing until 2016; thereafter, deaths have risen to about 30 p.a. Decedents’ characteristics ( N = 283): male 84.1%, mean age 31.2 (SD 10.0) years, employed 56.5%, drug use history 79.6% and living with others 60.3%. Ketamine was detected with other substances in most cases. Main (74.6%) underlying cause of death was accidental poisoning. Ketamine may have impaired judgement in other cases. Conclusions: Although controlled, recreational ketamine use and related fatalities continue to increase. Consumers need to be more aware of the potentially fatal risks they face.

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“…The typical ketamine users are regular visitors of the electronic dance music scene [6]; psychonauts; injecting heroin users, and the 'gay' club/party scene [7]. In addition, according to the data from the Crime Survey for England and Wales (CSEW) for 2012/2013, it is usually single male, aged 20-24, unemployed or studying, and from Chinese or mixed-race ethnic roots [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Update of Ketamine Illicit Use

Kleczkowska¹,

Zaremba²

2022

Ketamine Revisited - New Insights Into NMDA Inhibitors

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Ketamine is a derivative of phencyclidine with unique anesthetic, analgesic, as well as antidepressant pharmacological properties. Despite its clinical use, ketamine is classified on the list with new psychoactive substances having psychedelic properties. The abuse trend of ketamine increasing globally, and it became a common club drug over the past few decades. Of note, recreational use of ketamine may pose a threat to public health, leading to numerous physical, as well as psychiatric negative effects. In addition, simultaneously or sequentially ketamine use with other drugs, resulting in serious health consequences. Currently, there are no specific treatment options for managing compulsive drug-seeking behavior in patients with ketamine use disorder, while the pharmacotherapy of side effects is limited and mostly symptomatic. In this chapter, we discuss ketamine abuse history. Further, we proposed the mechanisms of neural disinhibition underlying addiction development in ketamine-dependent patients. We have also included details of possible negative consequences focusing on long-term and recreational ketamine use for both, central and peripheral systems. Finally, we provide an overview of ketamine concomitant use and corresponding adverse interactions.

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Extensive Underreported Exposure to Ketamine Among Electronic Dance Music Party Attendees

Cited by 14 publications

References 6 publications

Self-Correction of Unreported Marijuana Use by Participants Taking a Street Intercept Survey

Self-Correction of Unreported Marijuana Use by Participants Taking a Street Intercept Survey

Recreational ketamine-related deaths notified to the National Programme on Substance Abuse Deaths, England, 1997–2019

An Update of Ketamine Illicit Use

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