Extensive venous thrombosis and hind-limb edema associated with adrenocortical carcinoma in a dog

Jaffe, Michael H.; Grooters, AM; Bp, Partington; Ac, Camus; Hosgood, Giselle

doi:10.5326/15473317-35-4-306

Cited by 13 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…21 A correlation has been shown between plasminogen activator inhibitor activities and arterial blood pressure in humans. 22 Hyperadrenocorticism has been reported as an underlying disease capable of promoting arterial thromboembolism in dogs 19,20,23 but was not documented in the dog of this report. In dogs, the distal portion of the aorta at the bifurcation of the external iliac arteries and the common origin of the internal iliac arteries is the most common site for peripheral thrombosis.…”

Section: File # 11emmentioning

confidence: 64%

“…Factors that interact to produce thrombosis include endothelial damage, vascular stasis, and hypercoagulability. 20 Neoplasia can predispose an animal to thrombosis in numerous ways, including increased coagulation due to platelet activation, throm-boplastin release from tumor cells, and production of a factor X activator, as well as reduced clotting factor clearance, reduced clotting factor neutralization, and decreased fibrinolysis. 18 In the dog of this study, the standard clinical coagulation tests used were of little value in the diagnosis of a prothrombotic state.…”

Section: File # 11emmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Aortic Thromboembolism and Retroperitoneal Hemorrhage Associated with a Pheochromocytoma in a Dog

Santamarina

Espino

Vila

et al. 2003

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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Section: File # 11emmentioning

confidence: 64%

Section: File # 11emmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aortic Thromboembolism and Retroperitoneal Hemorrhage Associated with a Pheochromocytoma in a Dog

Santamarina

Espino

Vila

et al. 2003

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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“…The pattern of collateral venous pathways can also be predicted on the basis of the level of the obstruction . In dogs, caudal vena cava obstructions or increases in flow resistance have been most commonly described as acquired conditions, typically caused by neoplasia, trauma, and thrombosis . Congenital obstructive conditions of the caudal vena cava have been rarely reported in humans and dogs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Computed Tomographic Characteristics of Collateral Venous Pathways in Dogs With Caudal Vena Cava Obstruction

Specchi

d’Anjou

Carmel

et al. 2014

Vet Radiology Ultrasound

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Collateral venous pathways develop in dogs with obstruction or increased blood flow resistance at any level of the caudal vena cava in order to maintain venous drainage to the right atrium. The purpose of this retrospective study was to describe the sites, causes of obstruction, and configurations of venous collateral pathways for a group of dogs with caudal vena cava obstruction. Computed tomography databases from two veterinary hospitals were searched for dogs with a diagnosis of caudal vena cava obstruction and multidetector row computed tomographic angiographic (CTA) scans that included the entire caudal vena cava. Images for each included dog were retrieved and collateral venous pathways were characterized using image postprocessing and a classification system previously reported for humans. A total of nine dogs met inclusion criteria and four major collateral venous pathways were identified: deep (n = 2), portal (n = 2), intermediate (n = 7), and superficial (n = 5). More than one collateral venous pathway was present in 5 dogs. An alternative pathway consisting of renal subcapsular collateral veins, arising mainly from the caudal pole of both kidneys, was found in three dogs. In conclusion, findings indicated that collateral venous pathway patterns similar to those described in humans are also present in dogs with caudal vena cava obstruction. These collateral pathways need to be distinguished from other vascular anomalies in dogs. Postprocessing of multidetector-row CTA images allowed delineation of the course of these complicated venous pathways and may be a helpful adjunct for treatment planning in future cases.

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“…This concept was first introduced by Virchow as part of his triad in 1856. Common prothrombotic conditions in veterinary medicine include sepsis, neoplasia, heartworm disease, trauma, heart disease, hyperadrenocorticism, immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia, and protein-losing nephropathy (Schaub and Rawlings 1980;Klein et al 1989;Nichols 1990;Fox 1998;Kittleson 1998;Sottiaux and Franck 1998;Palmer et al 1998;Jaffe et al 1999;Littman et al 2000; Thompson et al 2004;Konecny 2006a). As more is learned about the development and pathophysiology of TE, additional disorders with pro-thrombotic tendencies are being reported.…”

Section: Prothrombotic Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thromboembolic Conditions, Aetiology Diagnosis and Treatment in Dogs and Cats

Konecny¹

2010

Acta Vet. Brno

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In veterinary medicine, thrombo-embolism (TE) is an under-appreciated medical condition that requires immediate recognition. Since TE is multifactorial and its mode of presentation may vary, veterinarians face great difficulties in making a definitive diagnosis in a timely manner. In addition, most of the underlying conditions that give rise to TE are life-threatening and an aggressive diagnostic and therapeutic approach is required. Not only does the diagnosis and treatment of this condition require the collaboration of many specialties, the costs of therapy can be excessive with a high risk of recurrence. As such, owners have to be thoroughly informed before the therapy commences. While TE has been well-characterized in humans and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality, little information of similar quality is available in veterinary medicine. In addition, TE in animals is distinct from its human counterpart and we cannot simply adapt what is known from human clinical trials. With the promise of improvements in imaging modalities that improve our diagnostic capabilities, the window of opportunity to treat TE increases. This article focuses on aetiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of dogs and cats affected by TE. Prothrombotic conditions, non-pulsatile blood flow, endothelial damage, hypercoagulability, clinical presentationThrombo-embolism (TE) in animal patients (canine and feline) can occur at various anatomical locations, including pulmonary vessels, portal vein, vena cava, aortic trifurcation, heart, renal and cerebral arteries, intestinal and mesenteric vessels, spleen, iliac, femoral, coronary and brachial arteries, femoral vein, and vessels of the microcirculation (Butler 1971;Liu et al. 1986; Klein et al. 1989;LaRue and Murtaugh 1990;Laste et al. 1992;Van Winkle and Bruce 1993;Rawlings et al. 1993;Sottiaux and Franck 1998;Palmer et al. 1998;Driehuys et al. 1998;Sottiaux and Franck 1999; Diaz Espineira 1999;Bateman et al. 1999;Norris et al. 1999;Boswood et al. 2000; Tsujino et al. 2005; Gonçalves et al. 2008). The clinical effects of thrombo-embolism depend mainly on the size and site of the final destination of the thrombus/embolus.It is commonly accepted that arterial thrombi are composed predominantly of platelets as compared to fibrin. This is in contrast to vein thrombi, where platelets are scarce and there are larger amounts of cross-linked fibrin. Arterial clots are also generally firmly attached to the underlying vessel wall. In this setting, clot dislodgement will sometimes occur, causing re-canalization of the vessel with relief of the obstruction, but the threat of embolism distally remains. In contrast, venous thrombi are mainly associated with lower limb deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in humans. DVT, however, is not common in veterinary patients. This is thought to be due to the differences in the epigenetics, platelet structure, vascular anatomy and physiological non-bipedal circulation. In fact, venous thrombi tend to be occlusive with resulting ...

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Extensive venous thrombosis and hind-limb edema associated with adrenocortical carcinoma in a dog

Cited by 13 publications

References 9 publications

Aortic Thromboembolism and Retroperitoneal Hemorrhage Associated with a Pheochromocytoma in a Dog

Aortic Thromboembolism and Retroperitoneal Hemorrhage Associated with a Pheochromocytoma in a Dog

Computed Tomographic Characteristics of Collateral Venous Pathways in Dogs With Caudal Vena Cava Obstruction

Thromboembolic Conditions, Aetiology Diagnosis and Treatment in Dogs and Cats

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