External arms embargoes and their implications for government expenditure, democracy and internal conflict

The Impact of Us Trade Sanctions on the Global Trade of Target Countries: Do the Political Institutions of the Targets Matter?

“…Higher import costs may also increase the export prices of sectors with a higher dependence on imported materials and thus, both exports and imports decline. Additionally, sanctions can result in a higher risk of conflict and instability, making trading partners more hesitant to continue collaboration in the long run (Dizaji and Murshed 2024). According to the World Bank Governance Indicators (World Bank 2023b), the worst perception of instability and conflict in Iran are observed in 2019-2020, during the maximum pressure campaign by the US against Iran, when the Trump government re-imposed sanctions.…”

“…(2021); Dizaji (2019); (2021); Demir and Tabrizy (2022); Cheratian, Goltabar, and Farzanegan (2023); Farzanegan and Hayo (2019); Farzanegan, Khabbazan, and Sadeghi (2016); Ghasseminejad and Jahan-Parvar (2021); Ghomi (2022)) and other general studies on sanctions such as (Mulder 2022;Hess 2023;Mcdowell 2023;Farrell and Newman 2023;Demarais 2022;Dizaji and Murshed 2024;Dizaji 2022;Bergeijk 1989).…”

The Illusion of “Smart” Sanctions: The Russian Case

“…Some studies find that targeted sanctions by the UN are more effective than comprehensive ones (Biersteker et al, 2016). Dizaji and Murshed (2020) write that restricting arms purchases by a target country may cause it to reallocate resources to social welfare programs.…”