“…Particle-induced x-ray emission (PIXE) has been used to study dirhams from the Umayyad period 702È748 AD.2 PIXE has also been used for the elemental analysis of ancient Chinese artifacts belonging to the period 618È1679 AD.3 Moreover, external-beam PIXE has been used for the analysis of Chinese coins belonging to the period 1644È1911 AD. 4 Instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) has been used for the analysis of ancient punchmark coins ranging between the 8th and 2nd centuries BC.5 Concentration levels of various elements, viz. Cu, Ag, Sn, Sb, Au and As, in di †erent ancient Indian coins have been estimated using a Cf-252 neutron source by INAA.…”