External citizenship in EU countries

Cutting the Ties? Generational Limitations in Canada’s and Germany’s Citizenship Laws

“…States may have an interest in retaining citizens abroad, or have a legitimate interest in granting access to citizenship as compensation to individuals who unjustly lost citizenship or have been deprived of their status in the past due to political despotism (e.g. former political enemies) (Dumbrava, 2014). Apart from this, trying to recover a national community by allowing former citizens or their descendants living abroad to acquire citizenship without taking up residence in the country, might seem reasonable from an ethno-nationalist point of view.…”

“…Apart from this, trying to recover a national community by allowing former citizens or their descendants living abroad to acquire citizenship without taking up residence in the country, might seem reasonable from an ethno-nationalist point of view. However this is highly problematic on the basis of normative considerations, especially with regard to the freedom of self-determination: If a growing number of non-residents who are not equally subjected to the decisions taken as residents acquire citizenship rights, the "future of those whose fates are permanently tied to the polity" might one day be determined by outsiders (Bauböck 2009, 493; see also Dumbrava 2014). Moreover, it is sometimes argued that the intergenerational acquisition of citizenship abroad would secure continuity of democratic community since a self-governing polity needs a stable core of citizens.…”

“…However, many of these countries also have to deal with emigration and have implemented policies focused on emigration and external citizens (e.g. Collyer 2016;Dumbrava 2014). Even if there is still a "lack of comparative and normative studies on external citizenship rights" in these countries (Bauböck 2006, 27), these policies have come under increasing investigation in recent years (Collyer 2016).…”

Demographic Analysis of Latin American Immigrants in Spain

“…Countries in southern and northern Europe have created provisions offering preferential treatment to certain categories of foreigners-as well as to former expatriates-that make it possible to acquire or recover citizenship without requiring residence in the country (Dumbrava 2013). This is the case in Spain, and is known as the Ley de la Memoria Histórica (Law of Historical Memory).…”

Four Patterns of Non-resident Voting Rights

“…2 The first comprehensive analysis to factor in the peculiarities of the enfranchisement of non-resident ethnic kin-minorities is Rainer Bauböck's seminal essay on external voting (Bauböck, 2007b). Only very recently have citizenship studies scholars tried to develop analytical frameworks and typologies that account for the 'contextual, country specific factors' (Collyer, 2013, p. 1; see also Dumbrava, 2013) of non-resident voting rights.…”