External muscle heating during warm-up does not provide added performance benefit above external heating in the recovery period alone

Faulkner, Simon; Ferguson, Richard A.; Hodder, Simon; Havenith, George

doi:10.1007/s00421-013-2708-6

Cited by 28 publications

(86 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Previous work however has demonstrated that heated tracksuit pants alone were sufficient in maintaining T muscle during a 30 min transition. 6,7 In the present study T skin values immediately pre-time-trial were higher in the two conditions in which the heated jackets were worn. T skin is correlated with changes in T muscle , 25 suggesting that although passive heating alone did not maintain T core , T muscle may have been maintained in these conditions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

“…These findings are in accordance with previous results demonstrating that better T core /T muscle maintenance within the transition phase is the likely mechanism responsible for improved lower leg power production 24 and power production in sprint cycling. 6,7 The application of passive heating alone was not as effective at limiting T core decline during transition as the combination of passive heating and activation exercises. Previous work however has demonstrated that heated tracksuit pants alone were sufficient in maintaining T muscle during a 30 min transition.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Recently the combination of active warm-up and passive heating (via heated tracksuit pants), during transition improved T muscle maintenance and power output during a sprint cycling task. 6,7 There appears to be a sound basis for additional passive heating to enhance body temperature maintenance during lengthy transitions in competitive swimming. The combination of passive heating and activities such as box jumps, known to induce postactivation-potentiation (PAP) related changes, 8 during transition may yield additional performance benefits.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Heated jackets and dryland-based activation exercises used as additional warm-ups during transition enhance sprint swimming performance

McGowan

Thompson

Pyne

et al. 2016

Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Heated jackets and dryland-based activation exercises used as additional warm-ups during transition enhance sprint swimming performance

McGowan

Thompson

Pyne

et al. 2016

Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport

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“…; Faulkner et al. ,b). Some evidence exists to support the mechanistic rationale that elevations of T m between 2 and 4°C will increase rate‐dependent measures of muscle contractile function, thus contributing to higher voluntary muscular power.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…A 15‐min active warm‐ups have been observed to increase T m between 2 and 4°C measured at depths from 2 to 4 cm (Bishop ; Faulkner et al. ,b), with concomitant increases in muscular power of between 4% and 10% per 1°C increase in T m (Bergh and Ekblom ; Sargeant ; Gray et al. ; Faulkner et al.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Passive heating following the prematch warm-up in soccer: examining the time-course of changes in muscle temperature and contractile function

2015

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This study examined changes in muscle temperature, electrically evoked muscle contractile properties, and voluntary power before and after a soccer specific active warm‐up and subsequent rest period. Ten amateur soccer players performed two experimental sessions that involved performance of a modified FIFA 11+ soccer specific warm‐up, followed by a 12.5‐min rest period where participants were required to wear either normal clothing or a passive electrical heating garment was applied to the upper thigh muscles. Assessments around the warm‐up and cool‐down included measures of maximal torque, rate of torque development, muscle temperature (T m), and electrically evoked measures of quadriceps contractile function. T m was increased after the warm‐up by 3.2 ± 0.7°C (P < 0.001). Voluntary and evoked rates of torque development increased after the warm‐up between 20% and 30% (P < 0.05), despite declines in both maximal voluntary torque and voluntary activation (P < 0.05). Application of a passive heating garment in the cool‐down period after the warm‐up did not effect variables measured. While T m was reduced by 1.4 ± 0.4°C after the rest period (P < 0.001), this value was still higher than pre warm‐up levels. Voluntary and evoked rate of torque development remained elevated from pre warm‐up levels at the end of the cool‐down (P < 0.05). The soccer specific warm‐up elevated muscle temperature by 3.2°C and was associated with concomitant increases of between 20% and 30% in voluntary rate of torque development, which seems explained by elevations in rate‐dependent measures of intrinsic muscle contractile function. Application of a passive heating garment did not attenuate declines in muscle temperature during a 12.5‐min rest period.

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Post-warm-up muscle temperature maintenance: blood flow contribution and external heating optimisation

et al. 2015

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PurposePassive muscle heating has been shown to reduce the drop in post-warm-up muscle temperature (Tm) by about 25 % over 30 min, with concomitant sprint/power performance improvements. We sought to determine the role of leg blood flow in this cooling and whether optimising the heating procedure would further benefit post-warm-up Tm maintenance.MethodsTen male cyclists completed 15-min sprint-based warm-up followed by 30 min recovery. Vastus lateralisTm (Tmvl) was measured at deep-, mid- and superficial-depths before and after the warm-up, and after the recovery period (POST-REC). During the recovery period, participants wore water-perfused trousers heated to 43 °C (WPT43) with either whole leg heating (WHOLE) or upper leg heating (UPPER), which was compared to heating with electrically heated trousers at 40 °C (ELEC40) and a non-heated control (CON). The blood flow cooling effect on Tmvl was studied comparing one leg with (BF) and without (NBF) blood flow.ResultsWarm-up exercise significantly increased Tmvl by ~3 °C at all depths. After the recovery period, BF Tmvl was lower (~0.3 °C) than NBF Tmvl at all measured depths, with no difference between WHOLE versus UPPER. WPT43 reduced the post-warm-up drop in deep-Tmvl (−0.12 °C ± 0.3 °C) compared to ELEC40 (−1.08 ± 0.4 °C) and CON (−1.3 ± 0.3 °C), whereas mid- and superficial-Tmvl even increased by 0.15 ± 0.3 and 1.1 ± 1.1 °C, respectively.ConclusionThigh blood flow contributes to the post-warm-up Tmvl decline. Optimising the external heating procedure and increasing heating temperature of only 3 °C successfully maintained and even increased Tmvl, demonstrating that heating temperature is the major determinant of post-warm-up Tmvl cooling in this application.

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External muscle heating during warm-up does not provide added performance benefit above external heating in the recovery period alone

Cited by 28 publications

References 26 publications

Heated jackets and dryland-based activation exercises used as additional warm-ups during transition enhance sprint swimming performance

Heated jackets and dryland-based activation exercises used as additional warm-ups during transition enhance sprint swimming performance

Passive heating following the prematch warm-up in soccer: examining the time-course of changes in muscle temperature and contractile function

Post-warm-up muscle temperature maintenance: blood flow contribution and external heating optimisation

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