External Parasites and Poultry Pests

Hinkle, Nancy C.; Corrigan, Robert M.

doi:10.1002/9781119371199.ch26

Cited by 16 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Most infestations occur in backyard birds, where the environment is more compatible with ticks. Adult soft ticks spend most of their lives in cracks and other hiding places outside the bird; their feeding habits on the bird are nocturnal, so that an infestation can be easily overlooked, and only a nocturnal inspection can make them noticeable [68]. At the opposite, larvae of Argas persicus adhere to poultry and feed for a few days [69].…”

Section: Economic and Health Impact Of The Ticks In Poultrymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The most important tick in poultry is Argas persicus, known as bird tick (sometimes called "blue bug"), although many species of hard ticks feed intermittently on poultry [68]. It is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical areas [70].…”

Section: Economic and Health Impact Of The Ticks In Poultrymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, the poor appearance of the carcass reduces marketability and this is a point that must be carefully considered in the poultry industry [74]. Soft ticks have many nymphal instars, each of which must be fed with blood, so repeated feeding by large populations of soft ticks can cause blood loss, wasting and deadly anemia [68]. Khan et al [75], quantified up to 3.5 Argas persicus per bird, each sucking an amount of 18.57 mg of blood per day and 0.06 g per bird, which translates into huge economic losses due to production losses.…”

Section: Economic and Health Impact Of The Ticks In Poultrymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has been shown that the avian tick has the potential to transmit a significant number of pathogens in many parts of the world [68]. Borrelia anserina, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella Pullorum and Escherichia coli have been isolated from Argas persicus, and it is considered that they may play an important role in the epidemiology of these diseases [76].…”

Section: Tick-borne Pathogens In Poultrymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Economic and Health Impact of the Ticks in Production Animals

Hurtado¹,

Giraldo-Ríos²

2019

Ticks and Tick-Borne Pathogens

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Nowadays there is no doubt about the importance of production animals in the economy and food security of the population throughout the world. For an animal to be productive (cattle, small ruminants, swine or poultry) is needed to be in adequate health conditions. The health of these animals can be altered by the direct and indirect effects of ticks, causing significant losses in the production of meat, milk, eggs, leathers, and in many cases the death of the affected animals. The direct losses are related to the damage produced by the ticks when feeding on the blood of their hosts, while the indirect losses are related to the infectious agents transmitted by the ticks, and the costs associated to the treatment and control. It is important then, to know what are the economic and health impacts of ticks on the main production animals.

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Section: Economic and Health Impact Of The Ticks In Poultrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Economic and Health Impact Of The Ticks In Poultrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Economic and Health Impact Of The Ticks In Poultrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Tick-borne Pathogens In Poultrymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Economic and Health Impact of the Ticks in Production Animals

Hurtado¹,

Giraldo-Ríos²

2019

Ticks and Tick-Borne Pathogens

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“…The poultry red mite (PRM) Dermanyssus gallinae (De Geer, 1778) is a hematophagous ectoparasite of poultry that has a heavy impact on poultry farms worldwide [1]. Its life cycle, which consists of one nonfeeding stage (larva) and three blood-sucking stages (protonymph, deutonymph, and adult, both male and female), usually occurs in two weeks or even less [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence of vector borne transmission of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica ser. Gallinarum and fowl typhoid mediated by the poultry red mite, Dermanyssus gallinae (De Geer, 1778)

Cocciolo

Circella

Pugliese

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: The poultry red mite Dermanyssus gallinae (De Geer 1778) is a major ectoparasite of poultry. Infestations are found in most laying hen farms in Europe, and breeder flocks have also been reported to be affected. Mite infestation has detrimental effects on animal welfare, are a cause of significant economic losses, and D. gallinae is often considered as a pathogen vector. Despite suspicion of a close relationship between the poultry red mite and Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica ser. Gallinarum biovar Gallinarum ( S. Gallinarum), the causative agent of fowl typhoid (FT), there has been no definitive proof of mite-mediated transmission. Therefore, an investigation was conducted to determine if D. gallinae -mediated transmission of S. Gallinarum could be demonstrated among four different hen groups.Methods: Two groups of 8 hens (A and B) were experimentally infected with S. Gallinarum in two isolators. After seven days, when birds showed signs of FT, about 25,000 mites were introduced. After 3 days, mites were harvested and used to infest other two hen groups of 8 (C and D), in two separate isolators. Health status of hens was constantly monitored; detection and quantification of S. Gallinarum were performed by PCR and qPCR from mites and organs of dead hens. The maximum likelihood estimation of the infection rate and mite vectorial capacity were calculated.Results: Clinical disease was observed in groups infected with S. Gallinarum (A and B) and in hens of groups C and D infested with mites harvested from the isolators containing groups A and B. In all 4 groups, S. Gallinarum was detected from liver, spleen, ovary and cecum of hens, thus confirming the diagnosis of FT. Mite analysis demonstrated the presence of the pathogen, with an estimated infection rate ranging between 13.72 and 55.21 infected per thousand mites. Vectorial capacity was estimated to be 73.79.Conclusion: Mites harvested from birds infected with S. Gallinarum were shown to carry the mite, and then to transfer S . Gallinarum to isolated groups of pathogen-free birds that subsequently showed signs of FT. Mite vectorial capacity was high, demonstrating that D. gallinae should be considered an effective vector of FT.

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The use of H-index to assess research priorities in poultry diseases

2020

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Identifying which diseases represent a priority is crucial to optimize resources for diagnostics, control, and prevention. Here, the impact of 111 poultry pathogens belonging to Viruses (n = 31), Bacteria (n = 33), and Other (n = 47) was assessed using the H-index. The overall mean H-indexes suggested that poultry Viruses have statistically greater impact than Bacteria, which in turn are statistically more relevant than Others. Among the 20 highest H-indexes, 45% were zoonotic, and almost a third was Office International des Epizooties-listed. Avian influenza virus (H-index 127), Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium (H-index 72), and Eimeria spp (H-index 70) ranked the highest in Virus, Bacteria, and Other, respectively. Pathogens that produce overt clinical diseases and economic damage, cause immunosuppression, and/or are zoonotic had the highest H-index scores. The evolution of citations of particular pathogens reflected severe poultry outbreaks and/or zoonotic outbreaks in relatively wide geographic areas. Also, the evolution of citations based on taxonomic groups mirrored major changes in poultry production practices and management throughout history. Thus, Others were the most cited pathogens until the 1970s and, following 3 decades of unpopularity because of widespread use of intensive production practices, regained importance in the 2000s thanks to welfare regulation changes. Citations for Bacteria increased especially from the 1990s onward, probably because of the ban of growth promoters in western countries and the need to find new control methods for bacterial and protozoal infections. In general, countries with the greatest poultry production and research budgets had higher research production, that is the United States of America ( USA ) and China. Interestingly, the United Kingdom was among the top research producers despite falling behind other countries in poultry production and research budget. Moreover, the USA exhibited the strongest poultry research production based on number and diversity of publications (Dcos-index). In conclusion, the H-index could be a valid, simple tool to prioritize funding or interest in poultry diseases, especially when used as a preliminary selection approach in combination with other metrics.

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External Parasites and Poultry Pests

Cited by 16 publications

References 23 publications

Economic and Health Impact of the Ticks in Production Animals

Economic and Health Impact of the Ticks in Production Animals

Evidence of vector borne transmission of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica ser. Gallinarum and fowl typhoid mediated by the poultry red mite, Dermanyssus gallinae (De Geer, 1778)

The use of H-index to assess research priorities in poultry diseases

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