Extinction and the spatial dynamics of biodiversity

Jablonski, David

doi:10.1073/pnas.0801919105

Cited by 183 publications

(171 citation statements)

References 92 publications

(61 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

165

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Our view of the dinosaur radiation is in line with Jablonski's (1986Jablonski's ( , 1991Jablonski's ( , 2001Jablonski's ( , 2005Jablonski's ( , 2008) view of macroevolution: that "successful" organisms must navigate both background and mass extinction events in order to survive and prosper. The dinosaurs were clearly successful during the first 30+ million years of their history in the Middle and Late Triassic.…”

Section: The Evolutionary Radiation Of Dinosaurs: Current Statusmentioning

confidence: 52%

The origin and early radiation of dinosaurs

Brusatte

Nesbitt

Irmis

et al. 2010

Earth-Science Reviews

243

214

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Dinosaurs were remarkably successful during the Mesozoic and one subgroup, birds, remain an important component of modern ecosystems. Although the extinction of non-avian dinosaurs at the end of the Cretaceous has been the subject of intense debate, comparatively little attention has been given to the origin and early evolution of dinosaurs during the Late Triassic and Early Jurassic, one of the most important evolutionary radiations in earth history. Our understanding of this keystone event has dramatically changed over the past 25 years, thanks to an influx of new fossil discoveries, reinterpretations of long-ignored specimens, and quantitative macroevolutionary analyses that synthesize anatomical and geological data. Here we provide an overview of the first 50 million years of dinosaur history, with a focus on the large-scale patterns that characterize the ascent of dinosaurs from a small, almost marginal group of reptiles in the Late Triassic to the preeminent terrestrial vertebrates of the Jurassic and Cretaceous. We provide both a biological and geological background for early dinosaur history. Dinosaurs are deeply nested among the archosaurian reptiles, diagnosed by only a small number of characters, and are subdivided into a number of major lineages. The first unequivocal dinosaurs are known from the late Carnian of South America, but the presence of their sister group in the Middle Triassic implies that dinosaurs possibly originated much earlier. The three major dinosaur lineages, theropods, sauropodomorphs, and ornithischians, are all known from the Triassic, when continents were joined into the supercontinent Pangaea and global climates were hot and arid. Although many researchers have long suggested that dinosaurs outcompeted other reptile groups during the Triassic, we argue that the ascent of dinosaurs was more of a matter of contingency and opportunism. Dinosaurs were overshadowed in most Late Triassic ecosystems by crocodile-line archosaurs and showed no signs of outcompeting their rivals. Instead, the rise of dinosaurs was a two-stage process, as dinosaurs expanded in taxonomic diversity, morphological disparity, and absolute faunal abundance only after the extinction of most crocodile-line reptiles and other groups.

show abstract

Section: The Evolutionary Radiation Of Dinosaurs: Current Statusmentioning

confidence: 52%

The origin and early radiation of dinosaurs

Brusatte

Nesbitt

Irmis

et al. 2010

Earth-Science Reviews

243

214

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…A negative dependence of extinction on taxon age, previously reported in marine, mainly benthic, genera (5), is here shown to also apply to marine zooplanktic species. This finding points to the importance of abiotic factors in driving extinction; old species and genera tend to be more widely distributed and represented by more local populations, rendering them less susceptible to environmentally driven extinction (38)(39)(40), although Finnegan et al (5) found that additional, unexplained, factors were involved for their data. Note that survivorship trajectories for short-lived taxa (taxon durations <0.2 My) are identical in the pK-Ordovician and K-Silurian (Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

Greenhouse−icehouse transition in the Late Ordovician marks a step change in extinction regime in the marine plankton

Crampton

Cooper

Sadler

et al. 2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Two distinct regimes of extinction dynamic are present in the major marine zooplankton group, the graptolites, during the Ordovician and Silurian periods (486−418 Ma). In conditions of "background" extinction, which dominated in the Ordovician, taxonomic evolutionary rates were relatively low and the probability of extinction was highest among newly evolved species ("background extinction mode"). A sharp change in extinction regime in the Late Ordovician marked the onset of repeated severe spikes in the extinction rate curve; evolutionary turnover increased greatly in the Silurian, and the extinction mode changed to include extinction that was independent of species age ("high-extinction mode"). This change coincides with a change in global climate, from greenhouse to icehouse conditions. During the most extreme episode of extinction, the Late Ordovician Mass Extinction, old species were selectively removed ("mass extinction mode"). Our analysis indicates that selective regimes in the Paleozoic ocean plankton switched rapidly (generally in <0.5 My) from one mode to another in response to environmental change, even when restoration of the full ecosystem was much slower (several million years). The patterns observed are not a simple consequence of geographic range effects or of taxonomic changes from Ordovician to Silurian. Our results suggest that the dominant primary controls on extinction throughout the lifespan of this clade were abiotic (environmental), probably mediated by the microphytoplankton.T he importance of the marine plankton in both the carbon cycle and in the food web that supports the diversity of marine life is undisputed. However, the evolutionary dynamics of planktic species and the factors controlling their diversity and evolutionary turnover are still poorly known (1, 2). This is particularly so for the Paleozoic, where problems of preservation and sampling bias, and poor time resolution, have precluded detailed analysis. How does the marine plankton respond to environmental perturbations arising from climate change over geological time? How does background extinction differ from episodic and mass extinction in the pelagic realm? Is the risk of plankton species extinction dependent on the amount of time since the species originated (3)? These questions have important implications for macroevolutionary process, stability of marine ecosystems, and modern biodiversity conservation (3-5). Here, using a new global data set of unparalleled temporal resolution, we attempt to answer these questions.The graptoloid clade (order Graptoloidea) constituted the main component of the early Paleozoic macrozooplankton from the beginning of the Ordovician to the Early Devonian (6). Graptoloids were colonial filter-feeding protochordates, generally ranging from a few millimeteres up to ∼200 mm in maximum dimension, which lived suspended in the water column in a range of depth zones. They have been used extensively for correlation and zonation (7-10), and the stratigraphic distributions of species are well docum...

show abstract

“…For instance, in contrast to calcareous nannoplankton, another group of calcifying plankton, the calcareous dinoflagellates, experienced no major extinction at the K/Pg (11). All calcareous rudist bivalve species were lost, but ∼40% of other bivalve genera survived (46). In contrast to planktics, benthic foraminifera with calcareous shells survived the event relatively intact, whether inhabiting shallow or deep waters (47).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Severity of ocean acidification following the end-Cretaceous asteroid impact

Tyrrell

Merico

McKay

2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Most paleo-episodes of ocean acidification (OA) were either too slow or too small to be instructive in predicting near-future impacts. The end-Cretaceous event (66 Mya) is intriguing in this regard, both because of its rapid onset and also because many pelagic calcifying species (including 100% of ammonites and more than 90% of calcareous nannoplankton and foraminifera) went extinct at this time. Here we evaluate whether extinction-level OA could feasibly have been produced by the asteroid impact. Carbon cycle box models were used to estimate OA consequences of (i) vaporization of up to 60 × 10 15 mol of sulfur from gypsum rocks at the point of impact; (ii) generation of up to 5 × 10 15 mol of NO x by the impact pressure wave and other sources; (iii) release of up to 6,500 Pg C as CO 2 from vaporization of carbonate rocks, wildfires, and soil carbon decay; and (iv) ocean overturn bringing high-CO 2 water to the surface. We find that the acidification produced by most processes is too weak to explain calcifier extinctions. Sulfuric acid additions could have made the surface ocean extremely undersaturated (Ω calcite <0.5), but only if they reached the ocean very rapidly (over a few days) and if the quantity added was at the top end of literature estimates. We therefore conclude that severe ocean acidification might have been, but most likely was not, responsible for the great extinctions of planktonic calcifiers and ammonites at the end of the Cretaceous.ocean acidification | asteroid impact | K/Pg boundary | mass extinction

show abstract

Extinction and the spatial dynamics of biodiversity

Cited by 183 publications

References 92 publications

The origin and early radiation of dinosaurs

The origin and early radiation of dinosaurs

Greenhouse−icehouse transition in the Late Ordovician marks a step change in extinction regime in the marine plankton

Severity of ocean acidification following the end-Cretaceous asteroid impact

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About