Extinction as a driver of avian latitudinal diversity gradients

Pulido‐Santacruz, Paola; Weir, Jason T.

doi:10.1111/evo.12899

Cited by 43 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 78 publications

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“…In comparison to temperate species, we found that tropical species are older and have accumulated and maintained more phylogeographic structure. These patterns are remarkably consistent with studies based on species-level data that show higher species richness [10], older taxa [30], and lower extinction in the tropics [11,31,32]. Although phylogeographic structure may not persist into the deeper evolutionary timescales examined in phylogenetic studies of species richness [33,34], the concordant patterns across timescales suggest that similar processes may be responsible in both cases.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

“…Although long stem branches do not provide information on the magnitude of the number of lineages lost over time, their lengths are nevertheless indicative of relative levels of extinction and pruning [37,38]. Our results are consistent with studies directly estimating extinction at phylogenetic scales and among sister species, which found higher extinction rates in temperate birds [17,31]. Long stem branches in high-latitude species could alternatively reflect a failure of populations within northern species to diversify until recently, but this explanation seems unlikely, given the lack of an obvious biological reason (e.g., long-term environmental stability) for historical evolutionary stasis.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

“…Studies have variously found that speciation or origination rates in lineages inhabiting the tropics are higher, lower, or similar to those of lineages in the temperate zone [17,33,47,48]. Differences obtained across these studies may be partially attributable to sampling different phylogenetic depths and scales [11], which range from sister species [e.g., 17], to taxonomic clades [e.g., 31], and complete phylogenies [48]. Differences in the temporal scale of studies may highlight the different processes that are at work over different timescales (e.g., divergence versus persistence) but may also reflect differences in our ability to model processes, such as extinction, in different types of data.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A latitudinal phylogeographic diversity gradient in birds

et al. 2017

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High tropical species diversity is often attributed to evolutionary dynamics over long timescales. It is possible, however, that latitudinal variation in diversification begins when divergence occurs within species. Phylogeographic data capture this initial stage of diversification in which populations become geographically isolated and begin to differentiate genetically. There is limited understanding of the broader implications of intraspecific diversification because comparative analyses have focused on species inhabiting and evolving in restricted regions and environments. Here, we scale comparative phylogeography up to the hemisphere level and examine whether the processes driving latitudinal differences in species diversity are also evident within species. We collected genetic data for 210 New World bird species distributed across a broad latitudinal gradient and estimated a suite of metrics characterizing phylogeographic history. We found that lower latitude species had, on average, greater phylogeographic diversity than higher latitude species and that intraspecific diversity showed evidence of greater persistence in the tropics. Factors associated with species ecologies, life histories, and habitats explained little of the variation in phylogeographic structure across the latitudinal gradient. Our results suggest that the latitudinal gradient in species richness originates, at least partly, from population-level processes within species and are consistent with hypotheses implicating age and environmental stability in the formation of diversity gradients. Comparative phylogeographic analyses scaled up to large geographic regions and hundreds of species can show connections between population-level processes and broad-scale species-richness patterns.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A latitudinal phylogeographic diversity gradient in birds

et al. 2017

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“…We also used null simulations to address more directly the concern that diversification rate heterogeneity embedded in our phylogeny could cause spurious inferences about the evolution of our geographic trait (Pulido‐Santacruz and Weir ). Each of the following simulation‐based tests involved generating a neutral trait—one known not to affect rates of speciation or extinction—on each of the 1000 posterior trees, and then performing our LTT and GeoSSE analyses on it.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The origin and evolution of coral species richness in a marine biodiversity hotspot*

et al. 2017

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The Coral Triangle (CT) region of the Indo-Pacific realm harbors an extraordinary number of species, with richness decreasing away from this biodiversity hotspot. Despite multiple competing hypotheses, the dynamics underlying this regional diversity pattern remain poorly understood. Here, we use a time-calibrated evolutionary tree of living reef coral species, their current geographic ranges, and model-based estimates of regional rates of speciation, extinction, and geographic range shifts to show that origination rates within the CT are lower than in surrounding regions, a result inconsistent with the long-standing center of origin hypothesis. Furthermore, endemism of coral species in the CT is low, and the CT endemics are older than relatives found outside this region. Overall, our model results suggest that the high diversity of reef corals in the CT is largely due to range expansions into this region of species that evolved elsewhere. These findings strongly support the notion that geographic range shifts play a critical role in generating species diversity gradients. They also show that preserving the processes that gave rise to the striking diversity of corals in the CT requires protecting not just reefs within the hotspot, but also those in the surrounding areas.

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“…; Rolland et al . ; Pulido‐Santacruz & Weir ). However, we have yet to elucidate which geographic and climatic conditions for a given clade have allowed it to accumulate more species compared to its sister clade.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

How bird clades diversify in response to climatic and geographic factors

2017

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While the environmental correlates of global patterns in standing species richness are well understood, it is poorly known which environmental factors promote diversification (speciation minus extinction) in clades. We tested several hypotheses for how geographic and climatic variables should affect diversification using a large dataset of bird sister genera endemic to the New World. We found support for the area, evolutionary speed, environmental predictability and climatic stability hypotheses, but productivity and topographic complexity were rejected as explanations. Genera that had accumulated more species tend to occupy wider niche space, manifested both as occurrence over wider areas and in more habitats. Genera with geographic ranges that have remained more stable in response to glacial-interglacial changes in climate were also more species rich. Since many relevant explanatory variables vary latitudinally, it is crucial to control for latitude when testing alternative mechanistic explanations for geographic variation in diversification among clades.

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Extinction as a driver of avian latitudinal diversity gradients

Cited by 43 publications

References 78 publications

A latitudinal phylogeographic diversity gradient in birds

A latitudinal phylogeographic diversity gradient in birds

The origin and evolution of coral species richness in a marine biodiversity hotspot*

How bird clades diversify in response to climatic and geographic factors

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