Extinction: Behavioral Mechanisms and Their Implications ☆

Bouton, Mark E.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-809324-5.21006-7

Cited by 17 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 279 publications

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“…There was some evidence for context specificity, namely that the 0T group performed equally to the 1T and 3T groups in identifying all target odours in an odour discrimination task conducted one week prior to testing, however they then went on to show significantly poorer detection rates in the work location test phase. This suggests that detection rate was context or task specific and supports the hypothesis that dog performance may remain satisfactory in a training environment while showing a decrement in a target-poor working environment (e.g., Bouton and Woods, 2008). These data also confirm that all groups remembered the correct response chain associated with the four target odours, and that forgetting was not responsible for the 0T detection rate degradation in the work environment.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

“…The fact that it took 0T group so many test sessions to recover their detection rate even following reinforcement for correct indications implies that dogs may have learned specifically not to respond to target odours and detection loss was not simply due to reduced thoroughness of search. Potential reasons for this failure to indicate on a high proportion of encountered targets include "Pavlovian Inhibition" or learned inattention, frustration (Amsel, 1992) context specificity (Bouton and Woods, 2008;Gazit et al, 2005) and selective attention (Zentall, 2005).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Since the body of work produced by Pavlov (1927), experimental observations of the extinction effect are abundant in the literature (for reviews see, for example, Mackintosh, 1974;Rescorla, 2001;Bouton and Woods, 2008;Bouton et al, 2011;Bouton et al, 2012). There is substantial evidence that animals do not lose their associative memories during extinction, but instead form new competing associations; extinction is therefore a form of learning, rather than unlearning (e.g., Bouton and Woods, 2008). Bouton and colleagues outline how context is critically important in extinction; since new associations are learned during extinction (i.e., that there is no unconditioned stimulus (US) following the previously conditioned stimulus (CS)), the context acts as an occasion setter to enable to animal to recall the correct US-CS association at a later date (Bouton and Woods, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There is substantial evidence that animals do not lose their associative memories during extinction, but instead form new competing associations; extinction is therefore a form of learning, rather than unlearning (e.g., Bouton and Woods, 2008). Bouton and colleagues outline how context is critically important in extinction; since new associations are learned during extinction (i.e., that there is no unconditioned stimulus (US) following the previously conditioned stimulus (CS)), the context acts as an occasion setter to enable to animal to recall the correct US-CS association at a later date (Bouton and Woods, 2008). This enables an animal to show no response behaviour in the extinction context whilst maintaining the response behaviour in other contexts.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Performance decline by search dogs in repetitive tasks, and mitigation strategies

Porritt

Shapiro

Waggoner

et al. 2015

Applied Animal Behaviour Science

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a b s t r a c tDifferences between training and working contexts have the potential to be a major cause of deficits in performance of searching animals. Detection responses of individuals trained with high rates of target stimulus presentation tend to extinguish when moved to a new context where their rate of target encountering is low. This problem is acute with some contraband and people detection dogs where the rate of target encountering in the work context is significantly lower than during training. While the rate of extinction can be mitigated by planting known targets in the working contexts, this is often logistically difficult, dangerous, or impractical; an alternative solution would therefore be beneficial. Here, we explore the novel approach of adding non-contraband target stimuli to the training set and then presenting these innocuous targets periodically in the work context, thereby avoiding the logistic difficulties attached to the use of real contraband targets. Our rationale is that the search persistence caused by the innocuous targets could generalise to the real targets, thus increasing resistance to extinction in the latter. The potential problem with this approach is that dogs may learn to focus on the innocuous targets in the work context to the detriment of the real targets. In our experiments, 21 dogs were trained with three contraband (explosive) and one innocuous (non-explosive) odours. When they were transferred to a "work" context, they were separated into three groups, as follows: Group "0T" (zero target) were not exposed to any targets in the work environment; Group 1T (one target) were exposed to and rewarded on one innocuous target in the work environment; and Group 3T (three target) were exposed to and rewarded on three contraband targets in the work location. These regimens continued for six weeks during which time all dogs received two refresher training days away from their work location, where they were rewarded on all four target odours. Following this work phase, search and detection performance was tested in the work location for all stimuli. In the work phase, search vigilance in the 0T group dropped considerably compared with the 1T and 3T groups. Critically, when dogs were reexposed to all four targets in the work location at the end of the work phase, detection rates were significantly reduced for the 0T group, but were maintained on all targets for the 1T Abbreviations: SDD, scent detecting dogs; NE, non-explosive; DR, detection rate. 113 and 3T group. Our results show that rewarding search persistence with innocuous stimuli is potentially a successful strategy to maintain detection-dog performance across a range of trained contraband odours.Crown

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Performance decline by search dogs in repetitive tasks, and mitigation strategies

Porritt

Shapiro

Waggoner

et al. 2015

Applied Animal Behaviour Science

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Relapse of operant behavior after response elimination with an extinction or an omission contingency

Rey

Thrailkill

Goldberg

et al. 2019

J Exper Analysis Behavior

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The present study compared relapse after responding was eliminated by extinction or omission training in rats. In Experiment 1, lever pressing was reinforced with food pellets in Context A and then eliminated with either extinction or omission training in Context B. The response was then tested in Contexts A and B in either the presence or absence of free food pellets delivered on a random time schedule. All rats showed higher responding when tested in Context A than Context B, and there was little evidence that omission training attenuated this ABA renewal effect. Noncontingent pellets increased responding after extinction but not after omission. However, when responding on the last day of response elimination was compared to responding during the test in the response-elimination context, there was some evidence that omission-trained rats showed a small increase in responding even when tested with free pellets. Results of Experiment 2 suggest this increase was not due to differences in the temporal distribution of pellets during elimination and the test, and that the result might be due to mere removal of the omission contingency, but any such effect is small and difficult to detect statistically. The results provide new information about factors generating relapse after omission training.

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Classical Conditioning

Hermann

Sperl

2023

Autism and Child Psychopathology Series

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Extinction: Behavioral Mechanisms and Their Implications ☆

Cited by 17 publications

References 279 publications

Performance decline by search dogs in repetitive tasks, and mitigation strategies

Performance decline by search dogs in repetitive tasks, and mitigation strategies

Relapse of operant behavior after response elimination with an extinction or an omission contingency

Classical Conditioning

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