Extinction, invasion, and sequence stratigraphy: Patterns of faunal change in the Middle and Upper Ordovician of the eastern United States

Patzkowsky, Mark E.; Holland, Steven M.

doi:10.1130/0-8137-2306-x.131

Cited by 39 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…The Late Devonian Biodiversity Crisis interval is indicated in yellow; the Middle/Late Devonian boundary coincides with the left margin of the yellow field. Modified from Stigall (2010b) due to shifts in oceanographic conditions (Patzkowsky and Holland 1996). The introduction of the Richmondian invaders resulted in the breakdown of the community structure that had persisted for the preceding five million years (Holland and Patzkowsky 2007).…”

Section: Case Study 2: Late Ordovician Richmondian Invasionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Species distribution data were collected for 45 species across six depositional sequences (C1 through C6) to incorporate the interval prior to and following the Richmondian Invasion, which occurred in the C4 sequence. Each depositional sequence comprises strata deposited during a single cycle of rise and fall in relative sea level (Patzkowsky and Holland 1996). Individual depositional sequences, therefore, can be used as proxies for temporal intervals.…”

Section: Case Study 2: Late Ordovician Richmondian Invasionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Invasive Species and Evolution

Stigall

2012

Evo Edu Outreach

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Invasive species are a major threat to modern ecosystems and cause billions of dollars in economic damage annually. The long-term impacts of species invasions are difficult to assess on ecological timescales available to biologists, but the fossil record provides analogues that allow investigation of the long-term impacts of species invasions. Two case studies of ancient invasions, the Late Devonian Biodiversity Crisis (~375million years ago) and the Late Ordovician Richmondian Invasion (~446 million years ago), provide insight into the effect of invasive species on extinction, speciation, and ecosystem structuring. During both intervals, invasive species are characterized by broad ecological tolerances, broad geographic ranges, and higher-than-average survival potential through the crisis interval. Among the native species, narrowly adapted ecological specialists are more likely to become extinct, while broadly-adapted generalist species persisted through the invasion interval by modifying aspects of their ecological niche through niche evolution. In addition, formation of new species practically stopped during the invasion intervals due to reduced opportunities for geographic isolation and speciation. The results of these impacts produced postinvasion biotas with less diversity, greater biotic homogenization between regions, and a lack of new species forming. Conservation efforts to eradicate invasive species may help mitigate these outcomes in the current biodiversity crisis.

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Section: Case Study 2: Late Ordovician Richmondian Invasionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Case Study 2: Late Ordovician Richmondian Invasionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Invasive Species and Evolution

Stigall

2012

Evo Edu Outreach

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“…These models were derived from observations, such as those observed by Ulrichs and Mundlos (1990), of the cluster− ing of first and last occurrences of taxa at sequence bound− aries. The models were verified by subsequent field−based studies (e.g., Patzkowsky and Holland 1996). Our first objec− tive is thus to thoroughly explore whether sampling and/or geological biases alone could account for the changes in spe− cies−richness through time among the Upper Muschelkalk ammonoid fauna before seeking biological explanations for the changes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A quantitative null model of additive diversity partitioning: examining the response of beta diversity to extinction

Layou¹

2007

Paleobiology

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Paleobiological diversity is often expressed as α (within-sample), β (among-sample), and γ (total) diversities. However, when studying the effects of extinction on diversity patterns, only variations in α and γ diversities are typically addressed. A null model that examines changes in β diversity as a function of percent extinction is presented here.The model examines diversity in the context of a hierarchical sampling strategy that allows for the additive partitioning of γ diversity into mean α and β diversities at varying scales. Here, the sampling hierarchy has four levels: samples, beds, facies, and region; thus, there are four levels of α diversity (α1, α2, α3, α4) and three levels of β diversity (β1, β2, and β3). Taxa are randomly assigned to samples within the hierarchy according to probability of occurrence, and initial mean α and β values are calculated. A regional extinction is imposed, and the hierarchy is resampled from the remaining extant taxa. Post-extinction mean α and β values are then calculated.Both non-selective and selective extinctions with respect to taxon abundance yield decreases in α, β, and γ diversities. Non-selective extinction with respect to taxon abundance shows little effect on diversity partitioning except at the highest extinction magnitudes (above 75% extinction), where the contribution of α1 to total γ increases at the expense of β3, with β1 and β2 varying little with increasing extinction magnitude. The pre-extinction contribution of α1 to total diversity increases with increased probabilities of taxon occurrence and the number of shared taxa between facies. Both β1 and β2 contribute equally to total diversity at low occurrence probabilities, but β2 is negligible at high probabilities, because individual samples preserve all the taxonomic variation present within a facies. Selective extinction with respect to rare taxa indicates a constant increase in α1 and constant decrease in β3 with increasing extinction magnitudes, whereas selective extinction with respect to abundant taxa yields the opposite pattern of an initial decrease in α1 and increase in β3. Both β1 and β2 remain constant with increasing extinction for both cases of selectivity. By comparing diversity partitioning before and after an extinction event, it may be possible to determine whether the extinction was selective with respect to taxon abundances, and if so, whether that selectivity was against rare or abundant taxa.Field data were collected across a Late Ordovician regional extinction in the Nashville Dome of Tennessee, with sampling hierarchy similar to that of the model. These data agree with the abundant-selective model, showing declines in α, β, and γ diversities, and a decrease in α1 and increase in β3, which suggests this extinction may have targeted abundant taxa.

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“…Holland (1995), in a pioneering paper, first established through computer modelling that sequence stratigraphic architecture would have a major controlling influence over taxonomic diversity and the distribution of first and last occurrences. Empirical work byPatzkowsky & Holland (1993& Holland ( , 1996 on the distribution of Ordovician brachiopods lent support. The analysis here of shelf echinoid faunas during the Cenomanian, together with earlier studies of the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary (Gale et al, 2000, Smith et al, 2001, confirms the close connection that exists between sequence stratigraphic architecture and faunal diversity patterns.…”

Section: Palaeobathymetric Interpretation Of Cyclesmentioning

confidence: 95%