“…Apart from the sometimes astounding levels of species diversity, the most extraordinary cases of shape and size evolution in freshwater gastropods derive from long-lived lakes. Notable examples include: (i) the huge, limpet-shaped lymnaeids of the subfamily Valencienniinae, which evolved in the Late Miocene in Lake Pannon from small ancestors of the genus Radix (Gorjanovi c- Kramberger, 1923;Taktakishvili, 1967;Neubauer et al, 2016a;Neubauer, 2023); (ii) the Middle Miocene Gyraulus species flock in the Steinheim Basin (Hilgendorf, 1867;Mensink, 1984;Rasser, 2013); (iii) the Plio-Pleistocene Viviparus species flock in Lake Slavonia (Neumayr & Paul, 1875); (iv) the middle Miocene to Pliocene 'Kosovia'-Popovicia lineage (Bulinidae) in Serbia and Kosovo, showing the step-wise evolution of sculptured sinistral Bulinus to pseudodextral, planorbiform morphologies (Atanackovi c, 1959;Popovi c, 1964;Miloševi c, 1970;Neubauer et al, 2017); and (v) the cochliopid radiation in the Miocene Pebas wetland in South America (Wesselingh, 2006a,b;Wesselingh & Renema, 2009).…”