Extra-dimensional versus intra-dimensional set shifting performance following frontal lobe excisions, temporal lobe excisions or amygdalo-hippocampectomy in man

Owen, Adrian M.; Roberts, Angela; Polkey, Charles E.; Sahakian, Barbara J.; Robbins, Trevor W.

doi:10.1016/0028-3932(91)90063-e

Cited by 625 publications

(455 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Studies have uncovered impairments in fear conditioning [44], startle reflex priming [43], response modulation [47], linguistic processing [70], and autonomic responding to distress cues [15]. Drawing on these findings and others, researchers have suggested that psychopathy is the result of deficits in systems mediating fear [44,45,50], response modulation [46], general affective processing [34], or empathy [9]. However, the individual explanations tend to address only a limited number of phenomena, and despite some overlap, the theories do not explain the entire spectrum of empirical findings and traits associated with the disorder.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition to indexing response reversal performance, the task also includes a separate ED set-shift component requiring the participant to attend to some aspect of the stimulus that did not predict reward or punishment on earlier trials. Whereas impaired response reversal performance is associated with lesions of the OFC [56,58,59], extra-dimensional shift dysfunction is associated with damage to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex [50,23]. Moreover, these abilities to perform extra-dimensional shifts have been shown to be clearly doubly dissociable in both animal lesion studies as well as human neuropsychological work [23,50,56,58,59].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Risky decisions and response reversal: is there evidence of orbitofrontal cortex dysfunction in psychopathic individuals?

et al. 2002

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This study investigates the performance of psychopathic individuals on tasks believed to be sensitive to dorsolateral prefrontal and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) functioning. Psychopathic and non-psychopathic individuals, as defined by the Hare psychopathy checklist revised (PCL-R) [Hare, The Hare psychopathy checklist revised, Toronto, Ontario: Multi-Health Systems, 1991] completed a gambling task [Cognition 50 (1994) 7] and the intradimensional/extradimensional (ID/ED) shift task [Nature 380 (1996) 69]. On the gambling task, psychopathic participants showed a global tendency to choose disadvantageously. Specifically, they showed an impaired ability to show learning over the course of the task. On the ID/ED task, the performance of psychopathic individuals was not significantly different from incarcerated controls on attentional set-shifting, but significant impairments were found on response reversal. These results are interpreted with reference to an OFC and amygdala dysfunction explanation of psychopathy. Crown

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risky decisions and response reversal: is there evidence of orbitofrontal cortex dysfunction in psychopathic individuals?

et al. 2002

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“…In primates, the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) mediates the ability to shift attention between perceptual features of complex stimuli (Dias et al, 1996(Dias et al, , 1997Owen et al, 1991), and in rats, it has been implicated specifically in attentional set-shifting, or the ability to 'unlearn' an established contingency in order to learn a new one by shifting attention from a previously salient stimulus dimension to a previously irrelevant one (Birrell and Brown, 2000). Lesions of rat mPFC resulted in a state of 'emotional perseveration', or a failure to unlearn old contingencies in a fear-conditioning extinction paradigm (Morgan et al, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chronic Treatment with Desipramine Improves Cognitive Performance of Rats in an Attentional Set-Shifting Test

Lapiz

Bondi

Morilak

2006

Neuropsychopharmacol

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Alterations in central monoaminergic neurotransmission are important in the actions of many antidepressants. This study tested the hypothesis that tonic elevation of noradrenergic (NA) neurotransmission in medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) by chronic treatment with the selective norepinephrine (NE) reuptake blocker desipramine (DMI) may contribute to the beneficial cognitive effects of this antidepressant drug (AD). Male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with DMI acutely (15 mg/kg, i.p.) or chronically for 21 days (7.5 mg/ kg/day via osmotic minipump) before assessing performance on an attentional set-shifting test. The extradimensional set-shifting component of this test reflects a process of cognitive flexibility that is dependent upon mPFC, and that we have shown previously to be facilitated by NA activity in mPFC. Microdialysis was performed to measure NE release in mPFC concurrently with behavioral testing. Acute DMI treatment produced an increase in extracellular NE levels in mPFC, and a modest improvement in overall performance across all task stages of the attentional set-shifting test, but failed to produce a significant improvement in any of the individual specific tasks comprising the test sequence. Chronic DMI treatment tonically elevated basal extracellular NE levels in mPFC, associated with a significant improvement in performance specifically on the extradimensional set-shifting component of the test. There was also a significant reduction in set loss errors in rats treated chronically with DMI. Hence, tonic elevation of NA transmission in mPFC by chronic DMI treatment was associated with a time-dependent facilitation of cognitive flexibility that may contribute to the mechanism whereby chronic treatment with ADs, specifically NE reuptake blockers, may exert a beneficial therapeutic effect on cognition in depressed patients.

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“…Possible deleterious effects of marijuana use on cognitive flexibility, a cardinal feature of the primate prefrontal cortex (PFC) (Dias et al, 1996a;Owen et al, 1991), may be of particular importance; inflexibility in attentional and affective control may be deleterious to intellectual and social functioning (Pope and YurgelunTodd, 1996), and may underlie perseveration to continued drug administration (Bolla et al, 2002;Jentsch and Taylor, 1999;Volkow and Fowler, 2000). While some studies have indicated that impairments in mental flexibility persist after approximately 1 day (Pope and Yurgelun-Todd, 1996) and 28 days of abstinence from marijuana (Bolla et al, 2002), other studies performed at similar time points have yielded negative or minimal results (Fletcher et al, 1996;Pope et al, 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol-Induced Deficits in Reversal Learning: Neural Correlates of Affective Inflexibility

Egerton

Brett

Pratt

2005

Neuropsychopharmacol

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Despite concerns surrounding the possible adverse effects of marijuana on complex cognitive function, the processes contributing to the observed cognitive deficits are unclear, as are the causal relationships between these impairments and marijuana exposure. In particular, marijuana-related deficits in cognitive flexibility may affect the social functioning of the individual and may contribute to continued marijuana use. We therefore examined the ability of rats to perform affective and attentional shifts following acute administration of D 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the primary psychoactive marijuana constituent. Administration of 1 mg/kg THC produced marked impairments in the ability to reverse previously relevant associations between stimulus features and reward presentation, while the ability to transfer attentional set between dimensional stimulus properties was unaffected. Concurrent in situ hybridization analysis of regional c-fos and ngfi-b expression highlighted areas of the prefrontal cortex and striatum that were recruited in response to both THC administration and task performance. Furthermore, the alterations in mRNA expression in the orbitofrontal cortex and striatum were associated with the ability to perform the reversal discriminations. These findings suggest that marijuana use may produce inelasticity in updating affective associations between stimuli and reinforcement value, and that this effect may arise through dysregulation of orbitofrontal and striatal circuitry.

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Extra-dimensional versus intra-dimensional set shifting performance following frontal lobe excisions, temporal lobe excisions or amygdalo-hippocampectomy in man

Cited by 625 publications

References 41 publications

Risky decisions and response reversal: is there evidence of orbitofrontal cortex dysfunction in psychopathic individuals?

Risky decisions and response reversal: is there evidence of orbitofrontal cortex dysfunction in psychopathic individuals?

Chronic Treatment with Desipramine Improves Cognitive Performance of Rats in an Attentional Set-Shifting Test

Acute Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol-Induced Deficits in Reversal Learning: Neural Correlates of Affective Inflexibility

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