“…The ECM is an important source of growth factors, providing the attachment and controlled release of many growth factors and signal molecules, thereby aiding cell-to-cell signaling ( Birch, 2018 ). Transcriptome studies showed that in the rat model of overload, the expression abundance of the MSTN gene decreased, a large number of extracellular matrix-related proteins increased, and skeletal muscle increased ( Mendias et al, 2017 ; Stantzou et al, 2021 ). Biological scaffolds composed of ECM have been shown to facilitate the functional reconstruction of several tissue types including the esophagus ( Badylak et al, 2005 ; Desai et al, 2006 ), heart and vascular structures ( Badylak et al, 2006 ; Quarti et al, 2011 ), lower urinary tract ( Reddy et al, 2000 ; Boruch et al, 2010 ), and musculoskeletal tissues ( Smith et al, 2004 ; Franklin et al, 2008 ; Turner et al, 2010 ; Valentin et al, 2010 ; Zhao and Bass, 2018 ), among others.…”