Extracellular membrane vesicles in the three domains of life and beyond

Abstract

Cells from all three domains of life, Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya, produce extracellular vesicles (EVs) which are sometimes associated with filamentous structures known as nanopods or nanotubes. The mechanisms of EV biogenesis in the three domains remain poorly understood, although studies in Bacteria and Eukarya indicate that the regulation of lipid composition plays a major role in initiating membrane curvature. EVs are increasingly recognized as important mediators of intercellular communication via transfer of a wide variety of molecular cargoes. They have been implicated in many aspects of cell physiology such as stress response, intercellular competition, lateral gene transfer (via RNA or DNA), pathogenicity and detoxification. Their role in various human pathologies and aging has aroused much interest in recent years. EVs can be used as decoys against viral attack but virus-infected cells also produce EVs that boost viral infection. Here, we review current knowledge on EVs in the three domains of life and their interactions with the viral world.

Membrane Transporters in Citrus clementina Fruit Juice-Derived Nanovesicles

“…Protein/lipid composition plays a crucial role in the formation of different vesicles [16]. Membrane proteins (MPs), besides being important structural elements of the vesicle membranes, also participate in specific functions such as cargo selection, fusion and interaction with environment.…”

“…Table S2. Orthology assignment and clusters for orthologous groups (COG) annotation Tab (A) of proteins identified in the nanovesicles fraction of C. clementina (Table S1B), Tab (B) of four different citrus species [13] performed by EggNOg Mapper [15], and Tab (C) taken from EVPedia [16,26]. Table S3.…”

Bioengineered Polyhydroxyalkanoates as Immobilized Enzyme Scaffolds for Industrial Applications

“…Extracellular membrane vesicles are lipid membrane-derived compartments and are found in all domains of life (Raposo and Stoorvogel, 2013;Gill et al, 2018;Lee, 2019). Their sizes are in the range of 20-1000 nm in diameter (van der Pol et al, 2012;Gill et al, 2018), and they mainly serve as carrier vehicles to mediate cell-to-cell communication by transporting biological cargo as, for example, DNA, RNA, and proteins (Burkova et al, 2018;Longatti et al, 2018).…”

“…Extracellular membrane vesicles are lipid membrane-derived compartments and are found in all domains of life (Raposo and Stoorvogel, 2013;Gill et al, 2018;Lee, 2019). Their sizes are in the range of 20-1000 nm in diameter (van der Pol et al, 2012;Gill et al, 2018), and they mainly serve as carrier vehicles to mediate cell-to-cell communication by transporting biological cargo as, for example, DNA, RNA, and proteins (Burkova et al, 2018;Longatti et al, 2018). The classification of these functionally and structurally diverse EMVs, including the bacterial outer membrane vesicles, microvesicles, and exosomes, has been thoroughly reviewed (van der Pol et al, 2012;Cocucci and Meldolesi, 2015;Gill et al, 2018;Greening and Simpson, 2018).…”

“…Their sizes are in the range of 20-1000 nm in diameter (van der Pol et al, 2012;Gill et al, 2018), and they mainly serve as carrier vehicles to mediate cell-to-cell communication by transporting biological cargo as, for example, DNA, RNA, and proteins (Burkova et al, 2018;Longatti et al, 2018). The classification of these functionally and structurally diverse EMVs, including the bacterial outer membrane vesicles, microvesicles, and exosomes, has been thoroughly reviewed (van der Pol et al, 2012;Cocucci and Meldolesi, 2015;Gill et al, 2018;Greening and Simpson, 2018). Although the exact underlying mechanism on how different EMVs are formed is still unknown, recent studies show that various recombinantly modified protein production cell lines, including well-established E. coli production strains, can produce task-specific EMVs.…”