Extracellular Photovoltage Clamp Using Conducting Polymer‐Modified Organic Photocapacitors

Ejneby, Malin Silverå; Migliaccio, Ludovico; Gicevičius, Mindaugas; Đerek, Vedran; Jakešová, Marie; Elinder, Fredrik; Głowacki, Eric Daniel

doi:10.1002/admt.201900860

Cited by 27 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…The photoelectrochemical measurements reveal that the biointerface can generate ∼1 μC charges, which is also sufficient for photostimulation. 34 Furthermore, extracellular photocapacitors, having <400 mV photovoltage and <1 mA photocurrent generation, 32 were demonstrated to generate action potentials, and our biointerface can generate comparable levels as well.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 88%

Organic Photovoltaic Pseudocapacitors for Neurostimulation

Han

Srivastava

Yıldız

et al. 2020

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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Neural interfaces are the fundamental tools to understand the brain and cure many nervous-system diseases. For proper interfacing, seamless integration, efficient and safe digital-to-biological signal transduction, and long operational lifetime are required. Here, we devised a wireless optoelectronic pseudocapacitor converting the optical energy to safe capacitive currents by dissociating the photogenerated excitons in the photovoltaic unit and effectively routing the holes to the supercapacitor electrode and the pseudocapacitive electrode–electrolyte interfacial layer of PEDOT:PSS for reversible faradic reactions. The biointerface showed high peak capacitive currents of ∼3 mA·cm –2 with total charge injection of ∼1 μC·cm –2 at responsivity of 30 mA·W –1 , generating high photovoltages over 400 mV for the main eye photoreception colors of blue, green, and red. Moreover, modification of PEDOT:PSS controls the charging/discharging phases leading to rapid capacitive photoresponse of 50 μs and effective membrane depolarization at the single-cell level. The neural interface has a device lifetime of over 1.5 years in the aqueous environment and showed stability without significant performance decrease after sterilization steps. Our results demonstrate that adopting the pseudocapacitance phenomenon on organic photovoltaics paves an ultraefficient, safe, and robust way toward communicating with biological systems.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 88%

Organic Photovoltaic Pseudocapacitors for Neurostimulation

Han

Srivastava

Yıldız

et al. 2020

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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“…Although this technique is very promising in term of minimally invasive deep brain stimulation, it requires a great deal of wiring to the appropriate tools for signal delivery. Engineering achievements in microoptoelectronic design present an alternative as light can be converted into useful electric signals 12,13,14,15 . The aim of OEPCs, which fall into this category, is to produce an electrical stimulus using deep red light, thus enabling wireless electrical stimulation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…OEPCs are fully wireless and are essentially floating stimulators, making them potentially ideal for TI. Herein, we utilize the OEPC, with an additional conductive polymer coating, Using PEDOT:PSS, which has been demonstrated to improve photostimulation efficiency 15 , for a minimally invasive wireless deep brain stimulation protocol. Using PEDOT:PSS on the OEPC greatly increases the charge storage capacity 16 and thus enhances the stimulation for the same illumination.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Laser-driven Wireless Deep Brain Stimulation using Temporal Interference and Organic Electrolytic Photocapacitors

Missey

Donahue

Weber

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a technique commonly used both in clinical and fundamental neurosciences. Classically, brain stimulation requires an implanted and wired electrode system to deliver stimulation directly to the target area. Although techniques such as temporal interference (TI) can provide stimulation at depth without involving any implanted electrodes, these methods still rely on a wired apparatus which limits free movement. Herein we report organic photocapacitors as untethered light-driven electrodes which convert deep-red light into electric current. Pairs of these ultrathin devices can be driven using lasers at two different frequencies to deliver stimulation at depth via temporally interfering fields. We validate this concept of laser TI stimulation using numerical modeling, ex vivo tests with phantom samples, and finally in vivo tests. Wireless organic photocapacitors are placed on the cortex and elicit stimulation in the hippocampus, while not delivering off-target stimulation in the cortex. This laser-driven wireless TI evoked a neuronal response at depth that is comparable to control experiments induced with deep brain stimulation protocols using implanted electrodes. Our work shows that a combination of these two techniques – temporal interference and organic electrolytic photocapacitors – provides a reliable way to target brain structures requiring neither deeply implanted electrodes nor tethered stimulator devices. The laser TI protocol demonstrated here address two of the most important drawbacks in the field of deep brain stimulation and thus holds potential to solve many issues in freely-moving animal experiments or for clinical chronic therapy application.

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“…21 In general, organic semiconductors convert light into a cue that triggers cell reactions via three major mechanisms, i.e. photo-thermal, 12 photocapacitive 22 and photo (electro) chemical 16 stimulation. Photo-thermal stimulation usually occurs when photo-generated excitons in organic semiconductors -a strongly bound hole/electron pair 23 -recombine, releasing their energy as thermal radiation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photo-Electrochemical Stimulation of Neurons with Organic Donor-Acceptor Heterojunctions

Savva

Hama

Herrera-López

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Recent advancements in light-responsive materials enabled the development of devices to artificially activate tissue with light, and show great potential for use in different types of therapy. Photo-stimulation based on organic semiconductors has recently attracted interest due to their unique set of properties such as biocompatibility, better mechanical match with human tissue, and strong absorption of light in the visible spectrum. Here we show the development of solution processed organic heterojunctions that are able to control the activity of primary neurons in vitro with light. The p-type polymer semiconductor PDCBT and the n-type polymer semiconductor ITIC (also known as non-fullerene acceptor) are simply spin coated on glass substrates forming a bilayer p-n junction with high photo-sensitivity in aqueous electrolytes. Photo-electrochemical measurements reveal that high photo-voltage and photo-current is produced, as a result of a charge transfer between the polymers and oxygen in the electrolyte. The biocompatibility of the proposed materials is addressed with live/dead assays on both primary mouse cortical neurons and human cell lines that are cultured on their surface. We have found that light of low intensity (i.e. 40 mW/cm2) is absorbed, and converted into a cue that triggers action potential on primary cortical neurons directly cultured on glass/PDCBT/ITIC interfaces as proven by patch clamp measurements. The activation of neurons is most likely due to photochemical reactions at the polymer/electrolyte interface that result in hydrogen peroxide, which might lead to modulation of specific ion channels on neurons membrane. Photo-thermal effects are excluded with controlled patch clamp measurements on neurons cultured on plain glass and on photoresist thin films. The profound advantages of low intensity light stimulation, simplified fabrication, and wireless operation pave the way for the integration of these interfaces in multiplex bioelectronic devices for the development of novel light therapy concepts and powerful neuroscience research tools.

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Extracellular Photovoltage Clamp Using Conducting Polymer‐Modified Organic Photocapacitors

Cited by 27 publications

References 29 publications

Organic Photovoltaic Pseudocapacitors for Neurostimulation

Organic Photovoltaic Pseudocapacitors for Neurostimulation

Laser-driven Wireless Deep Brain Stimulation using Temporal Interference and Organic Electrolytic Photocapacitors

Photo-Electrochemical Stimulation of Neurons with Organic Donor-Acceptor Heterojunctions

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