Extracellular RNA mediates and marks cancer progression

Abstract

Different types of RNAs identified thus far represent a diverse group of macromolecules that are involved in the regulation of different biological processes. RNA is generally thought to be localized primarily in the nucleus and cytoplasm, however, some types of RNA have been detected in the extracellular milieu. These extracellular RNA (exRNA) molecules are protected from degradation and it is now widely accepted that extracellular vesicles and ribonucleoprotein particles serve as transport vehicles for exRNA among cells. The functional consequence of this transfer of genetic information probably encompasses a broad range of normal developmental and physiologic processes in many organisms. This review will focus on the role of exRNA communication in cancer. We will focus on different types of RNA species identified and characterized within tumor-derived extracellular vesicles. Further, we will describe the role of exRNAs in cancer progression, as well as their potential for use as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic tools for monitoring and treating cancer, respectively.

Extracellular Ribonucleic Acids (RNA) Enter the Stage in Cardiovascular Disease

“…Both situations significantly differ by the upregulation and downregulation, as well as shedding of particular endothelial miRNAs that markedly influence posttranscriptional processes in accordance with the observed phenotype switch. 49,50 Moreover and as further discussed elsewhere, [12][13][14][15] circulating levels of several miRNAs were shown to be significantly altered in patients with coronary artery disease and may serve as biomarkers of disease. 33,51 A release of other species of eRNA under these conditions, in particular rRNA, and their potential suitability as predictors of cardiovascular disease have not been addressed yet.…”

“…It should be noted, however, that in many cases, we currently do not yet understand whether certain types of eRNA, structural prerequisites, or specific nucleotide sequences of the RNA are required to exert their functions, which is an uncertainty embodied by the rather unspecific term eRNA. The function of miRNAs in this context has been reviewed elsewhere [12][13][14][15] and will not be discussed in detail.…”

“…47,48 A contribution of different eRNA species is emerging as critical mediators of these mechanisms that control (ischemic) cardiovascular disease. As recent reviews have specifically concentrated on various aspects of miRNAs in this context, [12][13][14][15] these issues will not be dealt with here in detail.…”

Physiology and pathology of extracellular vesicules

“…Наконец, важнейшее свойство ВВ -это регуляция экспрессии генов в клетках-ми-шенях при слиянии с мембраной и выделении своего содержимого в цитоплазму. Наиболее важными нукле-иновыми кислотами ВВ являются миРНК -малые некодирующие РНК, способные к транс-и посттран-скрипционной регуляции экспрессии генов путем РНК-интерференции [32].…”

O presente e o futuro dos marcadores circulantes de câncer

“…7,9 A carga das EV é variável, podendo conter pedaços de DNA genômico, micro-RNA, RNA não codificante (ncRNA, non-coding), e mais raramente RNA m íntegro, RNAs do sistema de tradução (transportador e ribossomais), DNA mitocondrial, lipídeos etc. 7,9,10,11 A nomenclatura das EV também pode apresentar variações, sobretudo em trabalhos mais antigos. 10 EV podem, inclusive, carregar moléculas que promovem a invasividade tumoral.…”