Extracellular space of rat cerebral cortex

Woodward, DL; Dj, Reed; Dm, Woodbury

doi:10.1152/ajplegacy.1967.212.2.367

Cited by 102 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 0 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…A similar difference between the 24Na spaces (24.1 and 23 6%) and the inulin spaces (16.2 and 18*6 %) was reported by Zadunaisky & Curran (1963) and Bradbury et al R. L. FRIEDE AND KUO HAO HU (1968) for frog brains in vitro. Also, many other studies of inulin spaces in mammalian brains report similar low values when compared with other markers (Varon & McIlwain, 1961;Woodward, Reed & Woodburch, 1967;Hertz, Schousboe & Weiss, 1970).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 67%

A new approach for determining the volume of cerebral extracellular fluid and demonstration of its communication with c.s.f

Friede¹,

Hu²

1971

The Journal of Physiology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

SUMMARY1. A new technique is presented for determining the volume of extracellular space in bowfin (Amia calva) brain during in vitro incubation. It consists of solving simultaneous equations which are applied to determine the volume of extracellular space as well as intracellular marker concentration. This technique allows for a better insight into the redistribution of marker between incubation medium and extracellular space as well as between extracellular and intracellular space.2. Na+, K+ and Cl-equilibrated within 10-15 min between incubation medium and extracellular space. There was no evidence of a homoeostatic mechanism controlling the concentration of these ions in the extracellular fluid, which appeared to be in equilibrium with cerebrospinal fluid. The extracellular spaces of these ions were identical: Na+, 23-4; K+,

show abstract

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 67%

A new approach for determining the volume of cerebral extracellular fluid and demonstration of its communication with c.s.f

Friede¹,

Hu²

1971

The Journal of Physiology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Typical blood volume and extracellular spaces areo5% 25 and 10% to 15% 26 of rat brain tissue volume, respectively. Therefore, the plasma and extracellular contribution should be small unless the concentrations were extremely high.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Imaging Brain Deoxyglucose Uptake and Metabolism by Glucocest MRI

Nasrallah

Pagès

Kuchel

et al. 2013

J Cereb Blood Flow Metab

154

200

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

1,4,52-Deoxy-D-glucose (2DG) is a known surrogate molecule that is useful for inferring glucose uptake and metabolism. Although 13 C-labeled 2DG can be detected by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), its low sensitivity for detection prohibits imaging to be performed. Using chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) as a signal-amplification mechanism, 2DG and the phosphorylated 2DG-6-phosphate (2DG6P) can be indirectly detected in 1 H magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We showed that the CEST signal changed with 2DG concentration, and was reduced by suppressing cerebral metabolism with increased general anesthetic. The signal changes were not affected by cerebral or plasma pH, and were not correlated with altered cerebral blood flow as demonstrated by hypercapnia; neither were they related to the extracellular glucose amounts as compared with injection of D-and L-glucose. In vivo 31 P NMR revealed similar changes in 2DG6P concentration, suggesting that the CEST signal reflected the rate of glucose assimilation. This method provides a new way to use widely available MRI techniques to image deoxyglucose/glucose uptake and metabolism in vivo without the need for isotopic labeling of the molecules. Keywords: 2-deoxyglucose; glucose; glucoCEST; magnetic resonance imaging; metabolism INTRODUCTIONThe rate of glucose uptake and its conversion into subsequent metabolites are important biomarkers of cellular function. Since the seminal work of Sokoloff et al, 1 isotopically labeled 2-deoxy-Dglucose (2DG) has been established as a way to measure glucose metabolism; this is based on the observation that 2DG enters cells by the same transporters as glucose (e.g., mostly GLUT-1 and GLUT-3 in the brain). It is phosphorylated by hexokinase into 2DG-6-phosphate (2DG6P) but only minimally metabolized further via glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway, and glucose-6-phosphate isomerase in the glycolytic pathway, because of the lack of a hydroxyl group on carbon atom 2 (C2). As the amount of glucose-6-phosphatase that catalyzes the hydrolysis of 2DG6P to 2DG is low in mammalian brain, and having low membrane permeability 2DG6P becomes trapped in brain cells for many hours.2 By quantifying the amount of 2DG and 2DG6P, the glucose metabolic rate can be estimated via compartmental modeling.

show abstract

“…In our calculation we also assumed the extracellular space in the normal rat brain to be 15% of the total water in the gray matter and 5% in white matter. 16 l7 The content of DM0 in the extracellular space (DMO)e and the pH of the extracellular space were taken to be equal to those in the plasma. Although such an assumption may be true in the steady state, it may not hold in conditions associated with rapid changes in the acid-base parameter, such as in the initial stage of cerebral ischemia.…”

Section: Measurement Of Tissue Phmentioning

confidence: 99%

Correlation of local cerebral blood flow, glucose utilization, and tissue pH following a middle cerebral artery occlusion in the rat.

Sako¹,

Kobatake²,

Yamamoto³

et al. 1985

Stroke

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

SUMMARY The use of three sets of the double-tracer autoradiographic technique to measure topographical changes of local cerebral blood flow (LCBF), glucose utilization (LCGU), and tissue pH following a 3 h middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion in the rat is described.In a sham-operated group of animals there was 10% reduction of LCBF and 7% reduction of LCGU in the most affected areas as compared to the contralateral homologous regions. However, the ratio of LCGU/LCBF in the affected areas remained within normal limits.In the MCA-occluded animals, LCGU showed a bimodal response to decreased LCBF. LCGU decreased with reduced LCBF until LCBF fell to 38% of normal. Below this LCBF level LCGU increased, most likely implying anerobic glycolysis. Decline of tissue pH corresponds to the mismatch of LCBF and LCGU. These results suggest that brain tissue pH change cannot be predicted on the basis of LCBF or LCGU alone.

show abstract

Extracellular space of rat cerebral cortex

Cited by 102 publications

References 0 publications

A new approach for determining the volume of cerebral extracellular fluid and demonstration of its communication with c.s.f

A new approach for determining the volume of cerebral extracellular fluid and demonstration of its communication with c.s.f

Imaging Brain Deoxyglucose Uptake and Metabolism by Glucocest MRI

Correlation of local cerebral blood flow, glucose utilization, and tissue pH following a middle cerebral artery occlusion in the rat.

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About