Extracellular Vesicle-Based SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine

Matsuzaka, Yasunari; Yashiro, Ryu

doi:10.3390/vaccines11030539

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 164 publications

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“…More recently, in the face of the global COVID-19 crisis, there has been a flurry of research into innovative vaccination strategies exploiting the exosome approach [ 273 ], [ 274 ]. Two of these strategies are summarized in Figure 6 .…”

Section: Exosomes and Antigen Presentation: Perspectives In Vaccinologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The collective findings suggest that loading exosomes with tailored antigens through different strategies appears to be a viable approach for the development of vaccines targeting a range of diseases and pathogens, including flaviviruses. More recently, in the face of the global COVID-19 crisis, there has been a flurry of research into innovative vaccination strategies exploiting the exosome approach [273,274]. Two of these strategies are summarized in Figure 6.…”

Section: Exploring Strategies For Loading Exosomes With Antigensmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Exosome-Mediated Antigen Delivery: Unveiling Novel Strategies in Viral Infection Control and Vaccine Design

El Safadi,

Mokhtari,

Krejbich

et al. 2024

Vaccines

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Exosomes are small subtypes of extracellular vesicles (EVs) naturally released by different types of cells into their environment. Their physiological roles appear to be multiple, yet many aspects of their biological activities remain to be understood. These vesicles can transport and deliver a variety of cargoes and may serve as unconventional secretory vesicles. Thus, they play a crucial role as important vectors for intercellular communication and the maintenance of homeostasis. Exosome production and content can vary under several stresses or modifications in the cell microenvironment, influencing cellular responses and stimulating immunity. During infectious processes, exosomes are described as double-edged swords, displaying both beneficial and detrimental effects. Owing to their tractability, the analysis of EVs from multiple biofluids has become a booming tool for monitoring various pathologies, from infectious to cancerous origins. In this review, we present an overview of exosome features and discuss their particular and ambiguous functions in infectious contexts. We then focus on their properties as diagnostic or therapeutic tools. In this regard, we explore the capacity of exosomes to vectorize immunogenic viral antigens and their function in mounting adaptive immune responses. As exosomes provide interesting platforms for antigen presentation, we further review the available data on exosome engineering, which enables peptides of interest to be exposed at their surface. In the light of all these data, exosomes are emerging as promising avenues for vaccine strategies.

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Section: Exosomes and Antigen Presentation: Perspectives In Vaccinologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Exploring Strategies For Loading Exosomes With Antigensmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exosome-Mediated Antigen Delivery: Unveiling Novel Strategies in Viral Infection Control and Vaccine Design

El Safadi,

Mokhtari,

Krejbich

et al. 2024

Vaccines

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…More recently, in the face of the global COVID-19 crisis, there has been a flurry of research into innovative vaccination strategies, notably by exploiting the exosome approach [207,208]. Two of these strategies are summarized in Figure 4.…”

Section: Exosomes In Vaccinologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Exosome-mediated Antigen Delivery: Unveiling Novel Strategies in Viral Infection Control

EL SAFADI,

KREJBICH,

MOKHTARI

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Exosomes are small subtypes of extracellular vesicles (EVs) naturally released by different types of cells into their environment. Their physiological roles appear to be multiple, and many aspects of their biological activities remain to be understood. These vesicles can transport and deliver a variety of cargoes, including proteins, metabolites, nucleic acids, and lipids. Consequently, it is argued that exosomes may serve as unconventional secretory vesicles, playing a crucial role as important vectors for intercellular communication and the maintenance of homeostasis. Exosome production and content can vary under several stresses or modifications in the cell microenvironment, influencing cellular responses both qualitatively and quantitatively. Thus, the analysis of EVs from multiple biofluids, due to its ease of implementation, has become a booming tool for monitoring various pathologies, particularly cancer, as we shall outline further on. During infectious processes, exosomes are described as double-edged swords, displaying both beneficial and detrimental effects. Indeed, during a viral infection, the production of EVs and circulating exosomes is often enhanced to signal danger, stimulate immunity, and possibly serve as pathological biomarkers. Conversely, viruses can disrupt or hijack the exosome content and production. In this review, we discuss the particular and ambiguous functions of exosomes in infectious contexts. Furthermore, we explore the vectoring capacity of exosomes in light of the extensive literature examining their function in mounting adaptive immune responses. Exosomes provide an interesting platform for antigen presentation and could therefore serve as novel therapeutic targets or be used in vaccine strategies.

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Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is the major pattern recognition receptor triggering the protective effect of a Candida albicans extracellular vesicle-based vaccine prototype in murine systemic candidiasis

Honorato,

Bonilla,

Valdez

et al. 2024

mSphere

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Systemic candidiasis remains a significant public health concern worldwide, with high mortality rates despite available antifungal drugs. Drug-resistant strains add to the urgency for alternative therapies. In this context, vaccination has reemerged as a prominent immune-based strategy. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), nanosized lipid bilayer particles, carry a diverse array of native fungal antigens, including proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and glycans. Previous studies from our laboratory demonstrated that Candida albicans EVs triggered the innate immune response, activating bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) and potentially acting as a bridge between innate and adaptive immunity. Vaccination with C. albicans EVs induced the production of specific antibodies, modulated cytokine production, and provided protection in immunosuppressed mice infected with lethal C. albicans inoculum. To elucidate the mechanisms underlying EV-induced immune activation, our study investigated pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) involved in EVs-phagocyte engagement. EVs from wild-type and mutant C. albicans strains with truncated mannoproteins were compared for their ability to stimulate BMDCs. Our findings revealed that EV decoration with O - and N -linked mannans and the presence of β -1,3-glucans and chitin oligomers may modulate the activation of specific PRRs, in particular Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and dectin-1. The protective effect of vaccination with wild-type EVs was found to be dependent on TLR4. These results suggest that fungal EVs can be harnessed in vaccine formulations to selectively activate PRRs in phagocytes, offering potential avenues for combating or preventing candidiasis. IMPORTANCE Systemic candidiasis is a serious global health concern with high mortality rates and growing drug resistance. Vaccination offers a promising solution. A unique approach involves using tiny lipid-coated particles called extracellular vesicles (EVs), which carry various fungal components. Previous studies found that Candida albicans EVs activate the immune response and may bridge the gap between innate and adaptive immunity. To understand this better, we investigated how these EVs activate immune cells. We demonstrated that specific components on EV surfaces, such as mannans and glucans, interact with receptors on immune cells, including Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and dectin-1. Moreover, vaccinating with these EVs led to strong immune responses and full protection in mice infected with Candida . This work shows how harnessing fungal EVs might lead to effective vaccines against candidiasis.

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Extracellular Vesicle-Based SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine

Cited by 4 publications

References 164 publications

Exosome-Mediated Antigen Delivery: Unveiling Novel Strategies in Viral Infection Control and Vaccine Design

Exosome-Mediated Antigen Delivery: Unveiling Novel Strategies in Viral Infection Control and Vaccine Design

Exosome-mediated Antigen Delivery: Unveiling Novel Strategies in Viral Infection Control

Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is the major pattern recognition receptor triggering the protective effect of a Candida albicans extracellular vesicle-based vaccine prototype in murine systemic candidiasis

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