Extracellular Vesicle-Mediated Bone Remodeling and Bone Metastasis: Implications in Prostate Cancer

Patil, Kalyani; Soekmadji, Carolina

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-67171-6_12

Cited by 5 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 264 publications

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“…Recent developments focused on re‐evaluating traditional aspects of the pathophysiology of PCa and BCa to bone metastasis have revealed the multifarious role of EVs in controlling bone homeostasis and cancer progression in the bone microenvironment (Patil & Soekmadji, 2021). Reports have shed light on the ability of EVs, derived from metastatic BCa cells, to shuttle protein cargo allowing BCa cell dissemination towards specific metastatic sites (Gangoda et al., 2017).…”

Section: Extracellular Vesicles In Organotropismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extracellular vesicles in the development of organ‐specific metastasis

Urabe

Patil

Ramm

et al. 2021

J of Extracellular Vesicle

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Distant organ metastasis, often termed as organotropic metastasis or metastatic organotropism, is a fundamental feature of malignant tumours and accounts for most cancer-related mortalities. This process is orchestrated by many complex biological interactions and processes that are mediated by a combination of anatomical, genetic, pathophysiological and biochemical factors. Recently, extracellular vesicles (EVs) are increasingly being demonstrated as critical mediators of bi-directional tumour-host cell interactions, controlling organ-specific infiltration, adaptation and colonization at the secondary site. EVs govern organotropic metastasis by modulating the pre-metastatic microenvironment through upregulation of pro-inflammatory gene expression and immunosuppressive cytokine secretion, induction of phenotypespecific differentiation and recruitment of specific stromal cell types. This review discusses EV-mediated metastatic organotropism in visceral (brain, lung, liver, and lymph node) and skeletal (bone) metastasis, and discusses how the pre-metastatic education by EVs transforms the organ into a hospitable, tumour cell-friendly milieu that supports the growth of metastatic cells. Decoding the organ-specific traits of EVs and their functions in organotropic metastasis is essential in accelerating the clinical application of EVs in cancer management. K E Y WO R D SCancer, extracellular vesicles, intercellular communication, metastasis, organotropism  INTRODUCTIONMetastasis to distant organs is a fundamental feature of malignant neoplasms and is its most lethal attribute that accounts for > 90% of mortality from cancer. The conceptual framework of tumour progression towards metastasis has been welldescribed and simplified into a stepwise sequence of cell-biological events, which are collectively termed the invasion-metastasis cascade (Valastyan & Weinberg, 2011). Cumulative evidence has shown that each type of cancer exhibits striking disparities in the temporal course (relapse within a range of organs) of metastasis, kinetics (time to relapse/recur) of metastatic progression and the severity of metastasis in vital target organs (Nguyen et al., 2009). While genetics can determine the metastatic traits of each cancer type, these traits can be acquired by disseminated tumour cells (DTCs; tumour cells with a metastatic propensity residing in the permissive target tissues of distant organs) through organ-selective evolution or adaptation of metastatic cell populations (Nguyen et al., 2009). A large body of evidence has underscored the significance of host tissue characteristics such as theThis is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Section: Extracellular Vesicles In Organotropismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extracellular vesicles in the development of organ‐specific metastasis

Urabe

Patil

Ramm

et al. 2021

J of Extracellular Vesicle

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“…80 Moreover, osteoblast-derived EVs contain 254 types of mRNAs specifically related to osteoblasts and EV-mediated functions, such as bone metabolism and osteoblast function. 70 Most of the mRNAs are small RNA fragments with lengths of 25-1000 nucleotides 82 that contain certain 3'-UTR fragments to protect the mRNA of recipient cells from miRNA degradation. 86 Some OB-EVs contain medium-size full-length mRNAs.…”

Section: Extracellular Vesicles and Osteoblastsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…92 miRNAs of osteoblast lineage cell-derived EVs, such as those belonging to the let-7 miRNA family, can regulate the activity of osteoblasts through autosecretion. 70 Exosomes from preosteoblast cell lines (such as MC3T3-E1) promote the osteogenic differentiation of BMSC cell lines (such as ST2) characterized by upregulated expression of osteoblast markers and enhanced matrix mineralization. 89 miR-143-3p suppresses osteoblast differentiation by targeting Cbfb mRNA.…”

Section: Extracellular Vesicles and Osteoblastsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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How Do Extracellular Vesicles Play a Key Role in the Maintenance of Bone Homeostasis and Regeneration? A Comprehensive Review of Literature

Ren¹,

Yu²,

Xue³

et al. 2022

IJN

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The maintenance of bone homeostasis includes both bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. These two processes are in dynamic balance to maintain a constant amount of bone for accomplishing its critical functions in daily life. Multiple cell type communications are involved in these two complex and continuous processes. In recent decades, an increasing number of studies have shown that osteogenic and osteoclastic extracellular vesicles play crucial roles in regulating bone homeostasis through paracrine, autosecretory and endocrine signaling. Elucidating the functional roles of extracellular vesicles in the maintenance of bone homeostasis may contribute to the design of new strategies for bone regeneration. Hence, we review the recent understandings of the classification, production process, extraction methods, structure, contents, functions and applications of extracellular vesicles in bone homeostasis. We highlight the contents of various bone-derived extracellular vesicles and their interactions with different cells in the bone microenvironment during bone homeostasis. We also summarize the recent advances in EV-loaded biomaterial scaffolds for bone regeneration and repair.

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“…In addition to bone cells, also other cell types such as T-Cells, macrophages, or endothelial cells can shed extracellular vesicles and thereby contribute to the regulation of bone metabolism. Importantly, EV-miRNA profiles can change during malignant transformation of cells and EVs that are secreted from cancerous cells could impair bone remodeling and mediate the development of bone metastases [14].…”

Section: Extracellular Mirnas Partake In Cell-cell Communication In Bonementioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of microRNAs in Osteoporosis Diagnostics

Hackl

Semmelrock²,

Grillari

2021

Osteologie

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MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short (18–24 nucleotides) non-coding RNA sequences that regulate gene expression via binding of messenger RNA. It is estimated that miRNAs co-regulate the expression of more than 70% of all human genes, many of which fulfil important roles in bone metabolism and muscle function. In-vitro and in-vivo experiments have shown that the targeted loss of miRNAs in distinct bone cell types (osteoblasts and osteoclasts) results in altered bone mass and bone architecture. These results emphasize the biological relevance of miRNAs for bone health.MiRNAs are not only considered as novel bone biomarkers because of their biological importance to bone metabolism, but also on the basis of other favorable properties: 1) Secretion of miRNAs from cells enables “minimally invasive” detection in biological fluids such as serum. 2) High stability of miRNAs in serum enables the retrospective analysis of frozen blood specimens. 3) Quantification of miRNAs in the serum is based on the RT-PCR - a robust method that is considered as the gold standard for the analysis of nucleic acids in clinical diagnostics.With regard to osteoporosis, it has been shown that many of the known risk factors are characterized by distinct miRNA profiles in the affected tissues: i) age-related loss of bone mass, ii) sarcopenia, iii) changes in estrogen metabolism and related changes Loss of bone mass, and iv) diabetes. Therefore, numerous studies in recent years have dealt with the characterization of miRNAs in the serum of osteoporosis patients and healthy controls, and were able to identify recurring miRNA patterns that are characteristic of osteoporosis. These novel biomarkers have great potential for the diagnosis and prognosis of osteoporosis and its clinical outcomes.The aim of this article is to give a summary of the current state of knowledge on the research and application of miRNA biomarkers in osteoporosis.

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Extracellular Vesicle-Mediated Bone Remodeling and Bone Metastasis: Implications in Prostate Cancer

Cited by 5 publications

References 264 publications

Extracellular vesicles in the development of organ‐specific metastasis

Extracellular vesicles in the development of organ‐specific metastasis

How Do Extracellular Vesicles Play a Key Role in the Maintenance of Bone Homeostasis and Regeneration? A Comprehensive Review of Literature

The Role of microRNAs in Osteoporosis Diagnostics

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