“…The studies providing evidence on bacterial EV passage through BBB highlights an established connection between oral health and neurodegenerative disorders ( Han et al, 2019 ; Ha et al, 2020 ; Gong et al, 2022 ; Nonaka et al, 2022 ; Pritchard et al, 2022 ; Ma et al, 2023 ). Indeed, the bacterial EV passage through BBB has been most often studied with oral pathogens, such as Porphyromonas gingivalis ( Gong et al, 2022 ; Nonaka et al, 2022 ; Pritchard et al, 2022 ; Ma et al, 2023 ) and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans ( Han et al, 2019 ; Ha et al, 2020 ). The scope of bacterial EV research regarding BBB crossing also includes diseases involving brain inflammation ( Wispelwey et al, 1989 ; Lee et al, 2020 ; Palacios et al, 2023 ; Xie et al, 2023 ), ischemic stroke ( Pan et al, 2023 ), stress ( Choi et al, 2019 , 2022 ), serotonin signaling ( Yaghoubfar et al, 2020 ) and chemotherapy ( Mi et al, 2022 ).…”