Extracellular vesicles: Emerging frontiers in wound healing

Abstract

Extracellular vesicles are membranous particles, ranging from 30 nm to 10 µm in diameter, which are released by nearly all cell types to aid in intercellular communication. These complex vesicles carry a multitude of signaling moieties from their cell of origin, such as proteins, lipids, cell surface receptors, enzymes, cytokines, metabolites, and nucleic acids. A growing body of evidence suggests that in addition to delivering cargos into target cells to facilitate intercellular communication, extracellular vesicles may also play roles in such processes as cell differentiation and proliferation, angiogenesis, stress response, and immune signaling. As these vesicles have natural biocompatibility, stability in circulation, low toxicity, and low immunogenicity, and serve as efficient carriers of molecular cargos, these nanoparticles are ideal therapeutic candidates for regenerative medicine. Exploring and identifying the homeostatic functions of extracellular vesicles may facilitate the development of new regenerative therapies. In this review, we summarize the wound healing process, difficulties in stem cell therapies for regenerative medicine, and the applications of mesenchymal stromal cell‐derived extracellular vesicles in improving and accelerating the wound healing process.

Dead but functional liquid nitrogen‐treated umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells accelerate full‐thickness skin wound healing

“…Over the past few years, there have been several studies indicating that extracellular vesicles (EVs) and apoptotic bodies (ABs) derived from MSCs play a significant role in wound healing 23–27 . However, critical challenges include the standardisation of the isolation and purification and the optimisation of methods for creating quality EVs and ABs’ populations 19,28,29 . Recently, a study investigated the effects of cryo‐shock treatment on acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) cells and found that cryo‐shocked AML cells maintain their bone marrow homing capability 30 .…”

Stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles: A novel and potential remedy for primary ovarian insufficiency

“…EVs comprise complex contents, such as nucleic acids including DNA, mRNAs, non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), lipids, and various proteins ( Mathivanan et al, 2010 ; Mashouri et al, 2019 ). Compared to stem cells, stem cell‐derived EVs possess multiple advantages including ethical access, abundant source, and low immunogenicity ( Fang et al, 2020 ; Watanabe et al, 2021 ; Hade et al, 2022 ; Xia et al, 2022 ). Hence, stem cell‐derived EVs are considered to be a safer regenerative medicine approach for treating many otherwise untreatable diseases such as POI ( Ding et al, 2020 ).…”

The role of extracellular vesicles in periodontitis: pathogenesis, diagnosis, and therapy

“…The risk of immune rejection and tumorigenicity induced by cell transplantation can be decreased with MSCs-EVs therapy ( 59 , 3 ). MSCs-EVs are highly stable and biocompatible, and recipient cells may quickly absorb them ( 60 , 4 ). MSCs-EVs are more convenient to store and transport since they can be kept stable at low temperatures ( 61 , 5 ).…”