Extracellular Vesicles from Plants: Current Knowledge and Open Questions

Urzì, Ornella; Raimondo, Stefania; Alessandro, Riccardo

doi:10.3390/ijms22105366

Cited by 81 publications

(81 citation statements)

References 75 publications

(162 reference statements)

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“…That of LEVs-TMO stored at 45 °C was changed to negative charge at 4w (Figure S5d) Zeta potentials may have functional consequences for the EVs, such as by inducing alterations in aggregation, protein structures, surface modifications, and/or protein unfolding/denaturation. As Maroto et al reported that freezing of exosomes can diminish their zeta potential [40], we found that the surface charge of LEVs-TMO was slightly decreased at −20 °C. To examine quantity change during storage, we measured the total protein level under different temperatures and increasing storage time.…”

Section: Physiological Properties Of Levs Lev-13-bg and Levs-tmo Over...supporting

confidence: 55%

“…We collected fresh leaves of Dendropanax morbifera from Bogil Island, which is located in Wando-gun, Jeollanam-do, South Korea. Unlike the general method for isolating plant vesicles [39][40][41], we have developed a method for isolating EVs from Dendropanax morbifera leaf to facilitate industrial application. Dendropanax morbifera-derived EVs were isolated by processing the leaves with a mixer grinder plus extractor, passing the resulting crude leaf extract through filter paper, and centrifuging the obtained extract at 10,000× g for 10 min.…”

Section: Isolation Of D Morbifera Leaf-derived Extracellular Vesiclesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Stability of Plant Leaf-Derived Extracellular Vesicles According to Preservative and Storage Temperature

et al. 2022

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Plant-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) are capable of efficiency delivering mRNAs, miRNAs, bioactive lipids, and proteins to mammalian cells. Plant-derived EVs critically contribute to the ability of plants to defend against pathogen attacks at the plant cell surface. They also represent a novel candidate natural substance that shows potential to be developed for food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical products. However, although plant-derived EVs are acknowledged as having potential for various industrial applications, little is known about how their stability is affected by storage conditions. In this study, we evaluated the stability of Dendropanax morbifera leaf-derived extracellular vesicles (LEVs) alone or combined with the preservatives, 1,3-butylene glycol (to yield LEVs-1,3-BG) or TMO (LEVs-TMO). We stored these formulations at −20, 4, 25, and 45 °C for up to 4 weeks, and compared the stability of fresh and stored LEVs. We also assessed the effect of freeze-thawing cycles on the quantity and morphology of the LEVs. We found that different storage temperatures and number of freeze-thawing cycles altered the stability, size distribution, protein content, surface charge, and cellular uptake of LEVs compared to those of freshly isolated LEVs. LEVs-TMO showed higher stability when stored at 4 °C, compared to LEVs and LEVs-1,3-BG. Our study provides comprehensive information on how storage conditions affect LEVs and suggests that the potential industrial applications of plant-derived EVs may be broadened by the use of preservatives.

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Section: Physiological Properties Of Levs Lev-13-bg and Levs-tmo Over...supporting

confidence: 55%

Section: Isolation Of D Morbifera Leaf-derived Extracellular Vesiclesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stability of Plant Leaf-Derived Extracellular Vesicles According to Preservative and Storage Temperature

et al. 2022

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“…In the last few years, a growing interest was focused on the discovery of nanovesicles from edible plants, such as fruits and vegetables ( 19 , 28 , 29 ). The deep characterization of these vesicles revealed the presence of bioactive molecules (i.e., nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, and small RNAs), just like the mammalian exosomes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extracellular Vesicles Derived From Citrus sinensis Modulate Inflammatory Genes and Tight Junctions in a Human Model of Intestinal Epithelium

et al. 2021

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It is widely acknowledged that mammalian exosomes (or extracellular vesicles), have a key role in intercellular communication, owing to the presence of various bioactive molecules such as lipids, proteins, and microRNAs within their inner compartment. Most recently, the discovery of extracellular vesicles isolated from edible plants (such as vegetables and fruits) and their similarity in terms of size and content with exosomes has opened new perspectives on possible intercellular communication and regulation of important biological processes in which these vesicles are involved. It is also well-known that a balanced diet rich of fruits and vegetables (i.e., the Mediterranean diet) can contribute to maintain a “healthy gut” by preserving the intestinal epithelial barrier integrity and avoid that inflammatory stimuli that can alter homeostasis. In our study, we optimized a method to isolate extracellular vesicles from the orange juice (Citrus sinensis) (CS-EVs), and we characterized their morphology and behavior when in contact with the intestinal epithelium. We showed that CS-EVs are stable in a simulated gastrointestinal environment and are absorbed by intestinal cells without toxic effects, as expected. Furthermore, we demonstrated that CS-EVs can alter the gene expression of several genes involved in inflammation (i.e., ICAM1 and HMOX-1) and tight junctions (i.e., OCLN, CLDN1, and MLCK), contributing to limit inflammatory stimuli and restore a functional barrier by increasing the tight junction OCLN protein. Therefore, our study emphasizes the relevant role of fruit-derived extracellular vesicles in modulating important biological processes and maintaining a healthy intestinal epithelium, ultimately promoting human health and well-being.

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“…The high heterogeneity of plant-derived EVs population and lack of specific markers make their characterization a challenge. Comprehensive omics analysis might help to identify potential characteristics and molecular profiles of EVs from different species [ 222 ]. Furthermore, future protocols with certain stimuli for specific plants species might be developed to produce naturally derived EVs containing qualities of interest, such as wound healing properties.…”

Section: Future Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extracellular Vesicles in Skin Wound Healing

et al. 2021

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Each year, millions of individuals suffer from a non-healing wound, abnormal scarring, or injuries accompanied by an infection. For these cases, scientists are searching for new therapeutic interventions, from which one of the most promising is the use of extracellular vesicles (EVs). Naturally, EV-based signaling takes part in all four wound healing phases: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. Such an extensive involvement of EVs suggests exploiting their action to modulate the impaired healing phase. Furthermore, next to their natural wound healing capacity, EVs can be engineered for better defined pharmaceutical purposes, such as carrying specific cargo or targeting specific destinations by labelling them with certain surface proteins. This review aims to promote scientific awareness in basic and translational research of EVs by summarizing the current knowledge about their natural role in each stage of skin repair and the most recent findings in application areas, such as wound healing, skin regeneration, and treatment of dermal diseases, including the stem cell-derived, plant-derived, and engineered EVs.

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Extracellular Vesicles from Plants: Current Knowledge and Open Questions

Cited by 81 publications

References 75 publications

Stability of Plant Leaf-Derived Extracellular Vesicles According to Preservative and Storage Temperature

Stability of Plant Leaf-Derived Extracellular Vesicles According to Preservative and Storage Temperature

Extracellular Vesicles Derived From Citrus sinensis Modulate Inflammatory Genes and Tight Junctions in a Human Model of Intestinal Epithelium

Extracellular Vesicles in Skin Wound Healing

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