Extracellular vesicles of the blood-brain barrier

András, Ibolya E.; Toborek, Michał

doi:10.1080/21688370.2015.1131804

Cited by 86 publications

(80 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…ExoQuick selected in the present study is believed to isolate all ECV, regardless of their size (Quackenbush et al 2014). This is important since our results indicate that Aβ can be transferred by brain endothelial ECV of various sizes, and they are all likely to be important in Aβ pathology (Andras and Toborek 2016). ECV derived from HIV-exposed culture also tend to be bigger than those produced by control cells.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…In addition, HIV-1 is known to use the exosomal pathway to its advantage to generate infectious particles, and to increase viral spread (Sampey et al 2014). Although ECV released by human brain microvascular cells (HBMEC) were isolated, characterized (Haqqani et al 2013), and reviewed before (Andras and Toborek 2016), to the best of our knowledge, there are no reports on BBB-derived ECV/exosome involvement in Aβ pathology, especially in the context of HIV-1 infection.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Extracellular vesicles of the blood-brain barrier: Role in the HIV-1 associated amyloid beta pathology

András

Léda

Garcia‐Contreras

et al. 2017

Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience

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HIV-infected brains are characterized by increased amyloid beta (Aβ) deposition. It is believed that the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is critical for Aβ homeostasis and contributes to Aβ accumulation in the brain. Extracellular vesicles (ECV), like exosomes, recently gained a lot of attention as potentially playing a significant role in Aβ pathology. In addition, HIV-1 hijacks the exosomal pathway for budding and release. Therefore, we investigated the involvement of BBB-derived ECV in the HIV-1-induced Aβ pathology in the brain. Our results indicate that HIV-1 increases ECV release from brain endothelial cells as well as elevates their Aβ cargo when compared to controls. Interestingly, brain endothelial cell-derived ECV transferred Aβ to astrocytes and pericytes. Infusion of brain endothelial ECV carrying fluorescent Aβ into the internal carotid artery of mice resulted in Aβ fluorescence associated with brain microvessels and in the brain parenchyma. These results suggest that ECV carrying Aβ can be successfully transferred across the BBB into the brain. Based on these observations, we conclude that HIV-1 facilitates the shedding of brain endothelial ECV carrying Aβ; a process that may increase Aβ exposure of cells of neurovascular unit, and contribute to amyloid deposition in HIV-infected brain.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extracellular vesicles of the blood-brain barrier: Role in the HIV-1 associated amyloid beta pathology

András

Léda

Garcia‐Contreras

et al. 2017

Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience

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“…However, CP studies have an advantage in that CSF can be sampled (in animals and humans) in contrast to the cerebral endothelium studies where adjacent brain interstitial fluid is inaccessible. Thus, for example, the sampling of exosomes released from cerebral endothelial cells is currently limited to cultured cells [148]. While acknowledging that other sites (e.g.…”

Section: Choroid Plexus As a Responder To Injurymentioning

confidence: 99%

The choroid plexus as a site of damage in hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke and its role in responding to injury

Xiang

Routhe

Wilkinson

et al. 2017

Fluids Barriers CNS

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While the impact of hemorrhagic and ischemic strokes on the blood–brain barrier has been extensively studied, the impact of these types of stroke on the choroid plexus, site of the blood-CSF barrier, has received much less attention. The purpose of this review is to examine evidence of choroid plexus injury in clinical and preclinical studies of intraventricular hemorrhage, subarachnoid hemorrhage, intracerebral hemorrhage and ischemic stroke. It then discusses evidence that the choroid plexuses are important in the response to brain injury, with potential roles in limiting damage. The overall aim of the review is to highlight deficiencies in our knowledge on the impact of hemorrhagic and ischemic strokes on the choroid plexus, particularly with reference to intraventricular hemorrhage, and to suggest that a greater understanding of the response of the choroid plexus to stroke may open new avenues for brain protection.

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“…As exosomes carry distinct surface markers, they can be detected by distinct target cells for cell to cell communication. Furthermore, exosomes can pass the blood-brain barrier (BBB) [145][146][147]. Thus, they can potentially be used to deliver small molecules, enzymes, RNA and DNA to brain tissue.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emergence of exosomal DNA in molecular neuropathology

Kraus¹

2018

LaboratoriumsMedizin

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Background: Exosomes are small vesicles of sizes between 40 and 100 nm. They are actively segregated by numerous different cell types and they can be found in almost all body fluids. Thus, there is an emerging role of exosomes and exosomal deoxyribonucleic acid (exoDNA) in biomedical research, especially in molecular medicine. Exosomes are assembled and segregated actively and carry distinct surface markers for cellular communication. They are loaded with cargo such as DNA, ribonucleic acid (RNA) and proteins. As there are numerous different exosomal purification methods available, it is of essential need to select an appropriate technique to get reliable results. As neuropathology is faced with the challenge that brain tissue is not accessible in an easy fashion, exosomes represent an ideal tool for molecular neuro pathology. Thus, disease-specific molecular alterations will be detectable in a minimally invasive way for early disease diagnosis and surveillance. Summary: The analysis of exoDNA as biomarkers in neuropathology will enable early diagnosis, monitoring and relapse detection of brain tumors and neuropsychiatric disorders. Outlook: It is assumed that the significance of exosomes will increase in the upcoming years. There are powerful approaches in development using exosomes in molecularly targeted therapy to ultimately cure devastating brain diseases.

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Extracellular vesicles of the blood-brain barrier

Cited by 86 publications

References 41 publications

Extracellular vesicles of the blood-brain barrier: Role in the HIV-1 associated amyloid beta pathology

Extracellular vesicles of the blood-brain barrier: Role in the HIV-1 associated amyloid beta pathology

The choroid plexus as a site of damage in hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke and its role in responding to injury

Emergence of exosomal DNA in molecular neuropathology

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