2008
DOI: 10.1128/ec.00370-07
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Extracellular Vesicles Produced by Cryptococcus neoformans Contain Protein Components Associated with Virulence

Abstract: Cryptococcus neoformans produces vesicles containing its major virulence factor, the capsular polysaccharide glucuronoxylomannan (GXM). These vesicles cross the cell wall to reach the extracellular space, where the polysaccharide is supposedly used for capsule growth or delivered into host tissues. In the present study, we characterized vesicle morphology and protein composition by a combination of techniques including electron microscopy, proteomics, enzymatic activity, and serological reactivity. Secretory v… Show more

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Cited by 496 publications
(718 citation statements)
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“…Recent work on vesicles in C. neoformans has suggested that these structures may contribute to pathogenesis by transporting virulence factors, including enzymes, out of the fungal cell Rodrigues et al, 2008). The current study suggests that vesicles could also play a role in melanization.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 70%
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“…Recent work on vesicles in C. neoformans has suggested that these structures may contribute to pathogenesis by transporting virulence factors, including enzymes, out of the fungal cell Rodrigues et al, 2008). The current study suggests that vesicles could also play a role in melanization.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 70%
“…Previous studies suggested that melanization occurred when laccase in the cell wall oxidized a substrate, such as L-DOPA, ultimately resulting in polymerization of melanin (Waterman et al, 2007;Zhu et al, 2001). However, recent studies showing the presence of cell-wall-associated vesicles exhibiting laccase activity raised the possibility of the involvement of vesicles in melanization (Rodrigues et al, 2008).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 85%
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“…Using methods adapted from those previously developed for the study of cryptococal vesicles (12,13,23), we report the presence, synthesis, and isolation of vesicles in B. anthracis Sterne culture supernatants using four techniques. First, vesicles were visualized by transmission electron microscopy, which revealed circular structures, some of which appeared to have double membranes (Fig.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Vesicle formation appears to be a conserved process among both pathogenic and nonpathogenic, Gram-negative bacteria, and the role of outer membrane vesicles in pathogenesis are of great interest. Recently, eukaryotic pathogens, such as Cryptococcus neoformans, have been found to release virulence factors in vesicles, suggesting that this is a widely used strategy for pathogenic microbes to deliver a noxious cargo to target immune cells (12,13). Many Gram-negative pathogenic bacterial species, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, produce vesicles that contain toxins or other virulence factors and, in several cases, vesicles have been proposed to be vehicles for toxin delivery to eukaryotic cells (14)(15)(16)(17).…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%