Extraction and Characterization of Cellulose from Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB) Fiber

Abstract

In recent years, the use of cellulose fibers in many fields has attracted significant scientific attention due to consumer and environmentally benign, especially in plastic industry, which has been used as cost–cutting fillers and hence provides the possibility of reinforcing polymers. Cellulose can be extracted from natural fibers by chemical and mechanical methods. However, the existing procedures either produce low yields and not environment friendly or energy efficient. The objective of this study was to develop a novel process that uses ionic liquid followed by alkaline method to extract cellulose from empty fruit bunch (EFB) fiber. Subsequently, the properties of original fiber and cellulose were determined by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy, X–Ray Diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetric (TG) analysis. The results of the chemical compositions revealed that the modified alkaline treatment was able to remove a large fraction of lignin and hemicelluloses compared to unmodified alkaline treatment. Thus, this process represents an efficient treatment in extracting cellulose of highest yield.

Effect of Aminosilane Modification on Nanocrystalline Cellulose Properties

“…All the diffractograms displayed that the typical peaks of semicrystalline materials consist of broad hump amorphous region and sharp intense peak of crystalline region [21,37]. Cellulose diffractogram showed three peaks around 2 = 16 ∘ , 22.5 ∘ , and 34.5 ∘ which are related to the typical type of cellulose I and corresponding to the crystallographic planes that are (101), (002), and (040) [3,27,38]. At NCC diffractogram, the peaks at 2 = 22.5 ∘ are getting sharper and more intense showing that the sample is more crystalline.…”

“…The OPEFB fiber was treated by soxhlet extraction, alkali treatment (4% NaOH solution), and bleaching treatment to remove lignin and hemicellulose until the white cellulose was obtained [21,27,28]. Then, the NCC was isolated by the method adopted from [21] with slight modifications; that is, acid hydrolysis was conducted at 60% of aqueous H 2 SO 4 for 40 minutes at 45 ∘ C under mechanical stirring.…”

Potensi Selulosa dari Limbah Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit untuk Bahan Baku Bioplastik Ramah Lingkungan

“…Sebanyak 25-26% dari total produksi kelapa sawit tersebut merupakan tandan kosong yang menjadi produk samping. Baru sebanyak 10% dari TKKS tersebut yang sudah dimanfaatkan untuk bahan bakar boiler maupun kompos, dan sisanya masih menjadi limbah (1) . Tabel 1 menunjukkan sebaran produksi terbesar kelapa sawit beberapa propinsi di Indonesia.…”

“…767.500 ton = 776.750 ton (1) TKKS yang menjadi limbah = 7.767.500 -776.750 = 6.990.750 ton Potensi selulosa dengan kandungan 37,5% dari TKKS (4) : = 2.621.531 ton Apabila selulosa yang dapat diekstraksi adalah sebesar 80% dari total selulosa dalam TKKS, maka potensi selulosa sebesar 2.097.225 ton. Sehingga, dari hasil perhitungan dapat dilihat bahwa potensi selulosa yang dapat diekstraksi untuk kemudian diolah menjadi bahan baku bioplastik adalah 2.097.225 ton per tahun.…”

Solely Cellulose-based Adsorbent Derived from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches for Dye Removal

“…It is reported that at about 7 million tons per year of EFB was generated. There is a limit utilization of EFB which is only 10% of EFB has been used for boiler and compost fuel, while most of them are discarded or burnt causing serious environmental problem and giving no benefits (Ngadi and Lani, 2014). EFB contains high cellulose about 43%, hemicellulose 24%, and lignin 21% Septevani et al, 2018).…”