Extraction and characterization of nanocellulose from three types of palm residues

Spanish Poplar Biomass as a Precursor for Nanocellulose Extraction

“…Nanocellulose can be extracted through one of many routes. The first one is mechanical extraction, where mechanical work is exerted through disc grinder, ball milling, sonicator, or homogenizer to disintegrate the cellulosic hierarchy, yielding cellulose nanofibrils (CNF), which exhibit a very high aspect ratio and moderate crystallinity [29]; long fibrils entanglement yields highly viscous suspensions even at relatively low concentrations (lower than 1 wt%) [30]. The second one is biological extraction; bacterial preparation is performed in which bacteria assemble glucose monomers in long cellulose chains, yielding bacterial nanocellulose (BNC), which carries both advantages of high crystallinity and a very high aspect ratio [31].…”

“…The third route is utilizing an ionic liquid to extract highly crystalline nanocellulose [33], as the major advantage of ionic liquids is their recyclability. The fourth route is chemical extraction in which an acid (majorly sulphuric acid) attacks amorphous regions of the cellulosic structure leaving CNC, which exhibits a moderate aspect ratio and very high crystallinity [29,34], generally 5-20 nm × 100-500 nm dimensions and sulfuric acid sourced sulfate group, of negative charge are grafted on CNC, which performs a preventive action against aggregation and flocculation in water suspension due to electrostatic repulsion (-ve charge) between particles. In this article, we will attempt to provide those willing to proceed in the nanocellulose field a preliminary scientific background to build upon in their research.…”

Nanocrystalline Cellulose from Microcrystalline Cellulose of Date Palm Fibers as a Promising Candidate for Bio-Nanocomposites: Isolation and Characterization

“…NCC can act as a reinforcing agent for nanocomposite material in diverse fields such as automobile production, aerospace, biomedical, and food packaging applications [ 11 , 12 ]. The variation of NCC properties largely depends on the origin of fibers as well as the treatment process, including the effect of parameters like acid concentration, temperature, and reaction time [ 13 , 14 , 15 ]. Foo et al [ 16 ] successfully tailored the properties of NCC with attained optimal yield and crystallinity, while at the lowest particle size for large-scale production by using a lower sulfuric acid amount than the common hydrolysis condition.…”

Current Status of Cellulosic and Nanocellulosic Materials for Oil Spill Cleanup

“…Depending on the surface modification, hydrophilic and hydrophobic 3D materials are reported. Hydrophobic 3D materials are typically absorber -like, which means that the oil is entirely absorbed by the porous material and has to be recovered after cleanup (see Table 1 [ 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 ,…”

“…As per sorbent material functionality, lignocellulosic material is a promising candidate to carry out oil sorption tasks. Unlimited resource availability of this versatile biopolymer is roughly calculated to be 1.3 × 10 10 metric tons per annum [ 15 , 16 ], which directly reflects the low cost of developed lignocellulose solutions. The significantly lower specific weight (0.9–1.2 g cm −3 ) than sand and clay (3.2 and 1.7 g cm −3 ) facilitates the floatability of lignocellulose compared to other materials.…”