Extraction and Characterization of Nanocrystalline Cellulose (NCC) from Ramie Fiber by Hydrochloric Acid Hydrolysis

Abstract

The present study investigates the structural, crystallinity index, crystallite size, morphological, and the dimension of Nanocrystalline Cellulose (NCC) extracted from ramie fiber by hydrochloric acid-hydrolysis. NCC was chosen because it has high strength and modulus compared to other natural materials. Ramie fiber was chosen because it has high cellulose content and abundant in Indonesia. The other reason is ramie has a high crystallinity index compared to other natural fibers. The extraction process was carried out into two steps: cellulose purification then followed by hydrochloric acid hydrolysis. The characterizations of extracted NCCs were conducted through Fourier-Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and Particle Size Analyzer (PSA). The focus of this research was to study the effect of acid concentration on the characteristics of extracted NCCs. The results show that NCCs could be extracted through hydrolysis using hydrochloric acid. Morphological analysis by TEM shows the formation of rod-like shaped NCCs. Hydrolysis by hydrochloric acid does not affect the chemical compound of cellulose. It was found that during hydrolysis, the higher acid concentration being employed had resulted in smaller dimension of NCCs and decreasing crystallinity index.

Nanocellulose as an Ecofriendly Source in Nanoscience: Synthesis, Characterization, Properties, and Applications—A Review

“…Other acids used for the purposes includes HCl, HBr, H 3 PO 4 , H 2 C 2 O 4 etc. [41][42][43][44][45][46][47]…”

Extraction, Isolation, and Characterization of Nanocrystalline Cellulose from <i>Barangan</i> Banana (<i>Musa acuminata</i> L.) Peduncles Waste

“…On the other hand, the particle size distribution depends on the degree of aggregation [63]. Dimas et al [64] reported that the average size of NCCs hydrolyzed with 6, 8, and 10 M HCl were 8334, 3024, and 2086 nm, respectively, as measured by PSA. It indicates that NCCs dropped as the concentration of hydrochloric acid increased.…”

Extraction and analysis of cellulose nanocrystals from cotton balls by acid hydrolysis

“…The micro fibrillated structure of the CNCs is also highly reactive, multiscale, and organized hierarchically (Klemm et al, 2011;Tonoli et al, 2019). Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) have attracted a lot of attention due to their physical and chemical properties, renewable nature, sustainability and use in composite materials (Azizi Samir et al, 2005;Dimas et al, 2020). The extraction process of CNCs can be carried out using numerous methods such as acid hydrolysis, temp-mediated oxidation, mechanical disintegration and enzyme-assisted hydrolysis.…”

“…However, the hydrolysis method frequently uses sulfuric acid, which produces a simple and less reaction time than other strong acids. Additionally, CNCs extracted using this method also have a functionalized surface, excellent crystallinity and strong colloidal stability in water (Chakrabarty & Teramoto, 2018;Dimas et al, 2020). Cellulose nanocrystals are mostly extracted from rich natural cellulose materials such as wood, straw, bamboo pulp, coconut husk, rice husk, and sugarcane bagasse etc.…”