Extraction and Identification of Organic Micropollutants: Reverse Osmosis Method*

Kopfler, Frederick C.; Coleman, W. Emile; Melton, Robert G.; Tardiff, Robert G.; Lynch, Stephen C.; Smith, J. K.

doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1977.tb19252.x

Cited by 41 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 3 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The concentrated organics were prepared for EPA by Gulf South Research Institute by the procedure described by Kopfier et al (9). The samples are concentrated from multiple 200 liter quantities of tap water by reverse osmosis using a cellulose acetate membrane (CA) with sufficient concentrated HCI added to maintain a pH of 5.5.…”

Section: Sample Preparationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the U.S., Loper and co-workers (2) reported mutagenic activity oforganic chemicals concentrated from the drinking water of first five, then six U.S. cities by a technique developed by Kopfler, et al. of our laboratory (9). Following up on these initial observations it was shown that these concentrates also contained chemicals capable of transforming BALB/3T3 cells (10) and a preliminary report demonstrated the ability of certain of the samples to initiate tumors in the mouse skin (8).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Use of biological assay systems to assess the relative carcinogenic hazards of disinfection by-products.

Bull¹,

Robinson²,

Meier³

et al. 1982

Environ Health Perspect

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Other workers have clearly shown that most, if not all, drinking water in the U.S. contains chemicals that possess mutagenic and/or carcinogenic activity by using bacterial and in vitro methods. In the present work, increased numbers of tumors were observed with samples of organic material isolated from 5 U.S. cities administered as tumor initiators in mouse skin initiation/promotion studies. Only in one case was the result significantly different from control. In studies designed to test whether disinfection practice contributes significantly to the tumor initiating activity found in drinking water mixed results have been obtained. In one experiment, water disinfected by chlorination, ozonation or combined chlorine resulted in a significantly greater number of papillomas when compared to nondisinfected water. In two subsequent experiments, where water was obtained from the Ohio River at different times of the year, no evidence of increased initiating activity was observed with any disinfectant. Analysis of water obtained at the comparable times of the year for total organic halogen, and trihalomethane formation revealed a substantial variation in the formation of these products. Considering the problems such variability poses for estimating risks associated with disinfection by-products, a model system which makes use of commercially obtained humic acid as a substrate for chlorination was investigated using the Ames test. Humic and fulvic acids obtained from two surface waters as well as the commercially obtained humic acid were without activity in TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 1538, TA 98 or TA 100 strains of S. typhimurium. Following treatment with a 0.8 molar ratio of chlorine (based on carbon) significant mutagenic activity was observed with all humic and fulvic acid samples. Comparisons of the specific mutagenic activity of the chlorinated products suggests that the commercial material might provide a useful model for studying health hazards associated with disinfection reactions by-products.

show abstract

Section: Sample Preparationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of biological assay systems to assess the relative carcinogenic hazards of disinfection by-products.

Bull¹,

Robinson²,

Meier³

et al. 1982

Environ Health Perspect

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The conclusion that tumor induction did not take place is also very premature, since only a limited number of animals was used in this study (viz, 48 animals) and the experiment only lasted 3 months which is extremely short for a carcinogenicity study. 66 In more recent studies in the USA, the organics were concentrated by the combined reverse osmosis procedure, 41 and the carcinogenicity was tested in the mouse skin initiation/promotion test. 67 Bull et al 68 investigated the health effects of disinfectants like chlorine, chloramine, chlorine dioxide, and ozone and their reaction products in coagulated and sand-filtrated Ohio river water.…”

Section: Carcinogenicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxicology assessment of organic compounds in drinking water

Kool¹,

Kreijl²,

Zoeteman³

et al. 1982

C R C Critical Reviews in Environmental Control

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…Most of this material is believed to consist of humic substances which are polymeric aromatic poly(hydroxymethoxycarboxylic acids). Nevertheless, recent studies have shown that reverse osmosis with cellulose acetate and nylon membranes can concentrate as much as 93% of the total organic carbon in drinking waters (41,42). Final recoveries from the concentrate using extraction and adsorption procedures, however, have not exceeded 35% (42).…”

Section: Analytical Methods and Their Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons appear to undergo reactions with hypochlorous acid under water treatment conditions, but the products apparently have not been identified (119,120). This is important, however, since these PAHs are present in drinking water (42).…”

Section: Ohmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental health sciences center task force review on halogenated organics in drinking water

Deinzer¹,

Schaumburg²,

Klein³

1978

Environ Health Perspect

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The disinfection of drinking water by chlorination has in recent years come under closer scrutiny because of the potential hazards associated with the production of stable chlorinated organic chemicals. Organic chemical contaminants are common to all water supplies and it is now well-established that chlorinated by-products are obtained under conditions of disinfection, or during tertiary treatment of sewage whose products can ultimately find their way into drinking water supplies. Naturally occurring humic substances which are invariably present in drinking waters are probably the source of chloroform and other halogenated methanes, and chloroform has shown up in every water supply investigated thus far. The Environmental Protection Agency is charged with the responsibility of assessing the public health effects resulting from the consumption of contaminated drinking water. It has specifically undertaken the task of determining whether organic contaminants or their chlorinated derivatives have a special impact, and if so, what alternatives there are to protect the consumer against bacterial and viral diseases that are transmitted through infected drinking waters. The impetus to look at these chemicals is not entirely without some prima facie evidence of potential trouble. Epidemiological studies suggested a higher incidence of cancer along the lower Mississippi River where the contamination from organic chemicals is particularly high. The conclusions from these studies have, to be sure, not gone unchallenged. The task of assessing the effects of chemicals in the drinking water is a difficult one. It includes many variables, including differences in water supplies and the temporal relationship between contamination and consumption of the finished product. It must also take into account the relative importance of the effects from these chemicals in comparison to those from occupational exposure, ingestion of contaminated foods, inhalation of polluted air, and many others. The susceptibility of different age, genetic, and ethnic groups within the population must also be carefully considered. The present review discusses: the reasons for disinfection; the general occurrence of chlorinated organics in drinking water; the chemistry in the synthesis of chlorinated organics under aqueous conditions; and alternatives to chlorine for disinfection.

show abstract

Extraction and Identification of Organic Micropollutants: Reverse Osmosis Method*

Cited by 41 publications

References 3 publications

Use of biological assay systems to assess the relative carcinogenic hazards of disinfection by-products.

Use of biological assay systems to assess the relative carcinogenic hazards of disinfection by-products.

Toxicology assessment of organic compounds in drinking water

Environmental health sciences center task force review on halogenated organics in drinking water

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About