Extraction and Modification of Macroalgal Polysaccharides for Current and Next-Generation Applications

Jönsson, Madeleine; Allahgholi, Leila; Sardari, Roya R.R.; Hreggviðsson, Guðmundur Ó.; Karlsson, Eva Nordberg

doi:10.3390/molecules25040930

Cited by 171 publications

(99 citation statements)

References 176 publications

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“…Specifically, enzymatic modification of macroalgal polysaccharides, including fucoidans by either fucoidanases or sulfatases, is characterized by regioselectivity and stereospecificity. This new trend is considered crucial and highly promising for current and future applications of polysaccharides [180].…”

Section: Enzymatic Modification Of Native Fucoidansmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fucoidans: Downstream Processes and Recent Applications

Zayed

Ulber

2020

Marine Drugs

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Fucoidans are multifunctional marine macromolecules that are subjected to numerous and various downstream processes during their production. These processes were considered the most important abiotic factors affecting fucoidan chemical skeletons, quality, physicochemical properties, biological properties and industrial applications. Since a universal protocol for fucoidans production has not been established yet, all the currently used processes were presented and justified. The current article complements our previous articles in the fucoidans field, provides an updated overview regarding the different downstream processes, including pre-treatment, extraction, purification and enzymatic modification processes, and shows the recent non-traditional applications of fucoidans in relation to their characters. of 22reproductive, immune and cell-to-cell communicative roles [23]. As recommended by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), fucoidans is a general term used to describe sulfated L-fucose-based polymers including sulfated fucans cited by the Swedish scholar Kylin, as well as other fucose-rich sulfated heteropolysaccharides [23,28]. Their chemical structures, in terms of monomeric composition and branching, are quite simple in marine invertebrates compared to their analogues in brown algae [13,29].Hundreds of articles have thoroughly discussed and reviewed the biological, pharmacological and pharmaceutical applications of fucoidans [30][31][32][33], including nanomedicine, [34] which has made it a hot topic in the last few decades [35][36][37]. All these studies tried to investigate fucoidans molecular mechanisms in relation to their chemical structure and physicochemical properties. Therefore, different hypotheses were suggested for each activity, such as anti-tumor [31,[38][39][40], anti-coagulant [41,42], anti-viral [43,44] and anti-inflammatory activity [45,46]. These investigations revealed that various factors are relevant, such as molecular weight, sulfation pattern, sulfate content and monomeric composition [47][48][49]. For example, different fractions were produced with different physicochemical properties in our previous experiments; sulfation pattern and sulfate content were highly related to anti-viral and cytotoxic activities against HSV-1 and Caco-2 cell lines, respectively, while molecular weight and sugar composition were potential factors in anti-coagulation activity [41,50]. In addition, degree of purity was reported as an influential factor [32], where co-extracted contaminants (e.g., phlorotannins or polyphenols) could lead to significant interference in anti-oxidant activity and, consequently, cosmetic applications [51,52].Therefore, several key production challenges regarding fucoidans were discussed in our last review article in order to obtain a product that follows the universal good manufactured practice (GMP) guidelines. The article discussed sources of heterogeneity in extracted fucoidans, including the different biotic (e.g., biogenic, geographical and seas...

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Section: Enzymatic Modification Of Native Fucoidansmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fucoidans: Downstream Processes and Recent Applications

Zayed

Ulber

2020

Marine Drugs

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“…Acidic or alkaline solutions traditionally facilitate extraction by interfering with hydrogen linkages between polysaccharides [ 37 ]. Novel methods have been applied in polysaccharides extraction, using fewer solvents, operating at lower temperatures, and decreasing extraction time [ 38 ]. Ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) breaks down cells with frequencies higher than 20 kHz [ 39 ], microwave assisted extraction (MAE) disrupts hydrogen bonds, migrating dissolved ions with non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation of frequencies between 300 MHz and 300 GHz [ 40 ], and enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE) degrades cell walls [ 41 ].…”

Section: Polysaccharides From Seaweedsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, no method is perfect, and yields may be low. In addition, the methods are not optimized and require adjustments to be boosted to an industrial scale [ 38 ].…”

Section: Polysaccharides From Seaweedsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The structural complexity of polysaccharides and their “unconventional” and heterogeneous sugar composition, sulfation, and other modifications limits their broader applications in the industry [ 38 ]. Polysaccharides have various brown, red, and green characteristics.…”

Section: Polysaccharides From Seaweedsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The ratio of M-type to G-type varies by species, as high as 3:1 in Laminaria digitate [ 61 ] and absent in Eisenia bicyclis . The biological activities of laminarins vary according to species and are characterized by content, type (branchpoints or interchain), and the spatial distribution of the β-1,6-linkages [ 38 ].…”

Section: Polysaccharides From Seaweedsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Critical Review of the Abilities, Determinants, and Possible Molecular Mechanisms of Seaweed Polysaccharides Antioxidants

Liu

Sun

2020

IJMS

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Oxidative stress induces various cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, and cancer diseases, caused by excess reactive oxygen species (ROS). It is attributed to the lack of sufficient antioxidant defense capacity to eliminate unnecessary ROS. Seaweeds are largely cultivated for their edible and commercial purposes. Excessive proliferation of some seaweeds has occurred in coastal areas, causing environmental and economic disasters, and even threating human health. Removing and disposing of the excess seaweeds are costly and labor-intensive with few rewards. Therefore, improving the value of seaweeds utilizes this resource, but also deals with the accumulated biomass in the environment. Seaweed has been demonstrated to be a great source of polysaccharides antioxidants, which are effective in enhancing the antioxidant system in humans and animals. They have been reported to be a healthful method to prevent and/or reduce oxidative damage. Current studies indicate that they have a good potential for treating various diseases. Polysaccharides, the main components in seaweeds, are commonly used as industrial feedstock. They are readily extracted by aqueous and acetone solutions. This study attempts to review the current researches related to seaweed polysaccharides as an antioxidant. We discuss the main categories, their antioxidant abilities, their determinants, and their possible molecular mechanisms of action. This review proposes possible high-value ways to utilize seaweed resources.

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